ABSTRACT
Background: Urinary tract infections [UTIs] constitute important bacterial disease which contributes to significant morbidity world-wide. Empirical treatment in patients suffering from UTI depends upon the local knowledge of common microorganisms responsible for UTI in that geographical area as well as their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns
Objectives: To determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens which are responsible for urinary tract infections. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Department of Pathology, Frontier Medical and Dental College and Mohi Ud Din Islamic Medical College. Period: January 2015 to June 2015
Material and methods: Total of 113 patients were included in the study. Urine samples were cultured on MacConkey's agar and Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient [CLED] agar. Micro-organisms were identified using standard tests and antimicrobial susceptibility was checked using modified Kirby Bauer method following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI] guidelines
Results: The average age of patients was 32.19 +/- 16.47 years. Gram negative organisms accounted for majority of cases, about 89 [78.76%] cases. Escherichia coli was the most common micro-organism which was found in 50 [44.24%] cases followed by Staphylococcus aureus in 24 [21.24%], Enterobacter spp. in 19 [16.81%], Klebsiella spp. in 11 [9.73%] and Proteus spp. in 9 [7.96%] cases. E. coli was sensitive to imipenem and ciprofloxacin and was resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and gentamicin
Conclusion: Gram negative organisms are largely responsible for UTIs and E. coli being the most common etiological agent. E. coli is sensitive to commonly prescribed drugs for UTI like ciprofloxacin
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Female , Adult , Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiology , Escherichia coli , Microbial Sensitivity TestsABSTRACT
Design: Prospective Study
Setting: Different hospitals as a day care surgery
Period: March 2005 up to March 2012
Patients and Methods: Plastibell circumcision in infants and children's up to the age of 7 years was conducted using Plastibell device in different hospitals as a day care surgery
Results: In Plastibell method, local edema was minor complication then delayed separation of the ring, infection, mild bleeding after plastibell separation, respectively and no major complication was noted
Conclusion: Plastibell device circumcision prevents the most serious complications like bleeding, infection etc. It is fast and ensures excellent cosmoses and it takes short operating time
ABSTRACT
Patients with end stage renal disease require haemodialysis as a part of their treatment. The incidence of hepatitis B and C virus infection is quite high in patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis than in general population. This risk is specifically associated with use of blood and its products as well as repeated intravascular access in these patients
Objectives: To determine the seropositivity of hepatitis B and C virus infection in patients receiving haemodialysis
Design: Descriptive cross sectional study
Setting: Nephrology Department, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, Pakistan
Period: From October 2014 to April 2015
Methods: Five hundred patients were included in the study based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic data was recorded and detailed history was taken from each patient specifically about the no of blood transfusions received, the frequency of dialysis and the dialysis done in other centers. All patients were checked for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen [HbsAg] and antibodies to HCV using third generation enzyme linked immunoassay [ELISA]
Results: Mean age of study sample was 46 +/- 5 years with 60.8% males. Incidence of hepatitis positive cases was 164 [32.8%], out of which 66 [13.2%] patients were HBV positive and 98 [19.08%] patients were HCV positive. The hepatitis B and C infections were more common in males than females. Seropositivity of HBV and HCV was higher [HBV 18.1% and HCV 22.2%] among haemodialysis patients who have received more than three blood transfusions. The frequency of HBV and HCV infections increases significantly with the increase in frequency of dialysis, with 49 [17.11%] patients were HBV positive and 70 [24.5%] patients were HCV positive cases, who have received haemodialysis for more than five times. There were 48 [15.7%] HBV positive cases as well as 68 [22.3%] HCV positive cases in patients who have received their treatment from a single center
Conclusion: Hepatitis B and C infection is quite common in patients undergoing haemodialysis. The risk of these infections can be reduced by following infection control guidelines, proper training of the staff and strict screening of blood and blood products specifically for hepatitis C virus
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the prevalence of smoking among young medical and dental students and explore the smoking habits and associated variables
Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Frontier Medical and Dental College, Abbottabad, Pakistan during June-July, 2015
Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study where anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data like socio-demographic data and details about various aspects of smoking from 146 studysubjects
Results: The rate of smoking was found to be 23.28%, with male preponderance. The mean age of initiation of smoking was 18.79 +/- 1.68 years. The most common reason for starting smoking was company and peer pressure followed by stress or tension. The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 13.39 +/- 6.52. The commonly used product was cigarette [89.28%] among males and waterpipe[shisha], [83.33%], among females. Majority of study subjects, 63.70%, and 73.53% of smokers were aware of harmful effects of smoking. The most commonly known harmful effects included; lung cancer, carcinoma of oral cavity, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases
Conclusion: Smoking is common among medical graduates. Tobacco control measures should be introduced to reduce smoking as well as it should be made part of curricula taught at medical and dental colleges to increase awareness among students