Moisturizing effect of stable cream containing Crocus sativus extracts

The present study is about to prepare stable cream of water-in-oil emulsion containing extracts of Crocus sativus against its base [without extracts] taken as control, to determine its stability on different storage conditions and effects on skin moisture contents and transepidermal water loss. The formulation contains 3% Crocus sativus [Saffron] concentrated extracts, and the base containing no extract, were formulated. Different stability tests were done on samples, which placed at 8°C, 25°C, 40° C and 40°C with 75% relative humidity, for 4 week period. These formulations [Creams] were applied on the cheeks of human volunteers for 8 week period. To evaluate any effect produced by these formulations different skin parameters were monitored every week. The significant results of this study explored the fact that water-in-oil emulsion topical cream of saffron formulated from Crocus sativus extract has absolute physical stability at different storage conditions. The increase in skin moisture contents and changes in transepidermal water loss were significant [p

Orally and sexually transmitted gonorrhea

Gonorrhea can be transmitted by oral sex and is known as pharyngeal gonorrhea and appears as pharyngitis. Patients with symptomatic gonorrhea infection or other STDs are commonly seen in outpatient departments. Majority of them seek treatment without having adequate understanding regarding the nature of their condition. It is important for a healthy community that the members have information regarding STDs, their spread and preventive measure. The study was conducted during the time period of six months extending from August 2013-January 2014. The data was collected from four tertiary care hospital after obtaining oral and written consent. Patients attending Urology outpatient department with a history of STD were included in the study. Overall 410 patients participated in the study with a response rate of 82%. 315[76.8%] males and 95[23.2%] female participants. 37.8% of females and 36.5 of males with total 36.8% of participants had knowledge that PID is a complication of Gonorrhea. In total 16.3% of the participants knew the correct mode of transmission of Gonorrhea with 22% females and 14.6% males with Odd ratio F/M 1.5. Regarding the best preventive measure for STD, 60.7% considers avoiding multiple sexual partners and engage in spousal relationship [53.7 and 62.8% of females and male respectively, Odds ratio F/M 0.85] is the best way followed by using condoms [20.7% of total participant with an odds F/M of 1.54]. The knowledge in patients regarding Gonorrhea is scant hence it is essential to counter educational needs of the population regarding STD in effective and timely manner

Effectiveness of platelete rich plasma [PRP] injections in patients with plantar fasciitis

To determine the effectiveness of PLATELETE RICH PLASMA [PRP] injection in patients with plantar fasciitis interms of improvement in at least one grade of pain on visual analogue scale at 6 weeks interval follow up. Descriptive cross sectional study. This study was conducted in Orthopedics Unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from March, 2012 to Feb 2013. Patients with plantar fasciitis from the age of 20 to 50yearswho were not responding to oral medications were included in the study. There were 26 [9.38%] males and 38 [59.38%] females with mean age of 37.00 years. 45.31% patients have symptoms for 6-12 weeks where as those who had symptoms for 13-26 weeks made 48.43%of the study population. A total of 43[67.18%] patients having moderate pain before PRP only had severe pain at 6 weeks, while 25 [39.06%] had no pain, 13 [20.31%] had mild pain and 4 [6.25%] had moderate pain. Out of 21 [32.81%] patients who had severe pain before PRP, 36 [56.25%] had no pain, 18 [28.12%] had mild and 9 [14.06%] had moderate pain. Nonetheless, 3 [4.69%] had severe pain even after PRP. Over all, PRP was equally effective in patients of all ages and was more effective in men. Platelet Rich Plasma which is cheap and effective can successfully treat patients with plantar fasciitis

Retrospective analysis of 68 cases of dengue fever

Dengue is a mosquito-borne febrile disease caused by any of the four serotypes of the dengue virus transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. To study the clinical manifestations and treatment practices of Dengue cases in Pakistan. Retrospective record based analysis of dengue cases was performed in 3 general hospitals of Punjab during the 2010 outbreak. Only confirmed dengue IgM [ELISA] cases were further analyzed. WHO guidelines were used to evaluate the method of diagnosis and treatment. A total of 125 suspected dengue cases were admitted in these hospitals out of which dengue IgM was positive in 68 cases. Out of 68 cases, 60[88.2%] were of dengue fever and 8[11.8%] were dengue hemorrhage fever. Tourniquet test was not performed in any case. Sixty [88.8%] cases were males. The ages of the patients ranged from 4-60 years. Sixty five patients [96%] had fever followed by myalgia in 48[70%], headache in 33[48.8%], vomiting in 30[44.8%], weakness in 48[38.4%] and abdominal pain in 25[20%] cases. Thrombocytopenia was present in 60 cases [88.8%]. In 54[43.2%] cases platelet count was below 50,000. Leucopenia was present in 45 cases [66.4%]. Analgesics were prescribed in 52 cases. Fluid replacement therapy was used in 59[87.2%] which consisted of either dextrose water or ringer's lactate or normal saline. Antibiotics were prescribed in 47 cases. WHO guidelines were not followed in the diagnosis and management of these cases. WHO guidelines for the diagnosis and management of dengue fever were not followed thus leading to unnecessary treatment and waste of resources

APACHE II scores as predictors of cardio pulmonary resuscitation outcome: evidence from a tertiary care institute in a low-income country

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that APACHE II scores can be used as a predictor of the cardio-pulmonary resuscitation [CPR] outcome in hospitalized patients. A retrospective chart review of patients admitted, from 2002 to 2007, at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, was done for this study. Information was collected on 738 patients, constituting all adults admitted in general ward, ICU, CICU and SCU during this time, and who had under-went cardiac arrest and received cardiopulmonary resuscitation during their stay at the hospital. Patient characteristics, intra-arrest variables such as event-witnessed, initial cardiac rhythm, pre arrest need for intubation and vasoactive drugs, duration of CPR and survival details were extracted from patient records. The APACHE II score was calculated for each patient and a descriptive analysis was done for demographic and clinical features. The primary outcome of successful CPR was categorized as survival >24 h after CPR versus survival <24 h after CPR. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between the explanatory variables and successful CPR. Patients with APACHE II scores less than 20 had 4.6 times higher odds of survival compared to patients with a score of >35 [AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 2.4-9.0]. Also, shorter duration of CPR [AOR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.9-4.4], evening shift [AOR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.3-3.5] and Male patients [AOR: 0.6, 95% CI: [0.4-0.9] compared to females were other significant predictors of CPR outcome. APACHE II score, along with other patient characteristics, should be considered in clinical decisions related to CPR administration

Factors affecting serum ferritin level in school going children of district Bannu

To investigate the factors affecting serum ferritin level in school going healthy children in Distt Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and to know the potential risk in children associated with hypoferritinemia, leading to microcytic hypochromic anemia in our population. This cross sectional study was carried out at Institute of Kidney Diseases [IKD] Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar in one year time from March 2010- March 2011. A total of 113 healthy children of both genders were selected with no history of bleeding, blood transfusion, any extensive surgery or infections. 05cc blood sample was taken from each child. Out of which, 03cc were used for ferritin estimation by using the Roche Elecsys 2010 Immunoassay Analyzer, while 02cc were used for basic hematological examination, using Sysmex k-1000. There was no significant relationship between serum ferritin of boys and girls [p>0.05].However boys had high ferritin level as compared to girls. While comparing serum ferritin in rural and urban areas it has been observed that serum ferritin was high in rural areas. Moreover serum ferritin was positively correlated with hygienic conditions [p=0.01] and dietary intake [p=0.00]. The finding of our study reveals that serum ferritin level is quite low in female population in both urban and rural areas, hence anemia and low iron status are more prevalent in female population. Environmental conditions, socioeconomic factors and diet habits are the main factors, which affect ferritin level in children

Family planning methods and gender distribution of children in a defined rural community of Peshawar

To determine frequency of different family planning methods in rural community of Peshawar and to determine gender composition of children in women practicing family planning. Data was collected from family planning program started with health education and motivation in the model community of Pakistan Medical Research Council at the village Budhni, Peshawar. The family planning method along with age of women, numbers of male and female children were recorded. Injection was a method of choice used by majority [59%] of the women. Most of the women 157 [28.3%] started family planning practice were in the age group of 26-30 years. Number of women having up to 04 children was greater [54.4%] than women [45.6%] having more than 04 children. Most [54%] of them had two male children at the time of starting of family planning. Out of 40 women with one child, 70% had one male child and 30% had a female child. Women having more male children were more likely to adopt family planning practices

Modified Turco's postero medial release for congenital talipes equino-varus

Talipes Equino-Varus [TEV] is one of the most common congenital anomaly. It is managed by various methods i.e. conservative and surgery. Objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of modified Turco's postero-medical release in children's having congenital TEV. This descriptive observational study was conducted from June 2004 to June 2008 in the Orthopaedics Unit of Lady Reading Hospital [LRH] Peshawar. The inclusion criteria were children of age 6 months to 3 years of age having moderate and severe club foot. The exclusion criteria were clubfoot secondary to some other disorders such as cerebral palsy, arthrogryphosis multiplex congenita, myelodysplasia or congenital dislocation of the hip. The deformity was treated by modified Turco's one stage release. Follow-up was for one year. Results were graded according to modified McKay rating system. A total 70 patients were included in this study with the age range of 6 months to 3 years with moderate to sever deformity. Thirty-eight were male [54.2%] and 32 patients [45.72%] were female, twenty three patients [32.85%] had bilateral club foot while the rest of 47 patients [67.15%] had unilateral deformity. Positive family history of club foot was in 10 patients [14.2%]. Results were concluded on 52 patients who completed one year follow-up. Excellent results were observed in 34 patients [65.38%], good in 9 patients [17.30%], fair in 2 patients [3.84%], and poor in 7 patients [13.46%]. Children up to three years age with congenital TEV can be successfully treated in almost all the cases by modified Turco's one stage postero-medial release

existence of gonadotrophin in a local system of medicine of animal origin used for contraception

Progesterone and estradiol are responsible for playing a vital role in contraception. The fertilization is prevented mainly either by inhibiting ovulation or by making the mucus of the female genital tract thick and viscid in the present study, the extracted material of "Cyprea moneta shell" has been found to contain a reasonable amount of sex steroids with small amount of gonadotrophins, The concentration of LH and FSH were 0.564 mIU/ml and 0.644 mIU/ml, respectively, as compared to the undetectable amount of gonadotrophin in medicinal plants [Abrus precatorius, Ricinus communis Crotalaria juncea, Acacia arabica and Ficus religiosa]. However, the sex steroid hormones detected in all these medicinal plants were in large amount, causing contraception

Simultaneous analysis of the three hormones involved in spermatogenesis and their interrelation ratios

The Objectives of this non-interventional descriptive study was to determine the variation in serum levels of Luteinizing Hormone [LH], Follicle Stimulating Hormone [FSH] and Testosterone along with their ratios, among men having abnormal semen and their possible etiological role in male infertility. The study was carried out in the Reproductive Physiology Department of Public Health Laboratories Division, and National Institute of health [NIH], Islamabad during January 2004 to December 2005. Two hundred fifty married men who had presented with a complaint of infertility and who had an abnormal seminal profile on the basis of their prior semen analysis were included in the study. Subjects were classified as azoospermic [50], oligozoospermic [75], asthenozoospermic [50] and normozoospermic [75]. In addition [50] normal male subjects, who were known to have fathered children, were included as controls. LH, FSH and Testosterone levels were determined in serum by using Enzyme Immunoassay [EIA], using state-of-art Elecsys-2010 fully automatic Immunology analyzer by Roche Diagnostics [USA]. The FSH and LH level indicated inverse/negative correlation to sperm concentration in semen, while decreased Testosterone levels were associated with depleted sperm concentration. The findings indicate that not only the altered/disturbed concentrations of gonadotrophins and androgenic hormones are responsible for male sub-fertility but also the disturbances in gonadotrophic: androgenic hormones ratios lead to infertility since these all hormones act synergistically

Determination of serum gonadotropin and testosterone levels in male infertility

To determine the levels and ratios of serum LH, FSH and Testosterone, among men having history of infertility, A non-interventional descriptive study was carried out in the Department of Public Health Laboratories Division, NIH, Islamabad from January 2004 to December 2005. Two hundred fifty infertile men, classified as azoospermic [50], oligozoospermic [75], asthenozoospermic [50] and normozoospermic [75] were studied for serum LH, FSH and Testosterone, in addition to 50 proven fathers. The respective FSH [mlU/ml] LH [mlU/ml] and Testosterone [nmol/L] levels for the groups were 22.924.15, 13.852.33 and 11.860.70 [Azoospermia], 16.823.79, 10.921.22 and 11.88 +/- 1.06 [Oligozoospermia], 3.220.61, 3.921.17 and 16.24 +/- 2.05 [Asthenozoospermia] while in normozoospermic men were 5.530.52, 7.400.60 and 17.29+1.02, The proven fathers group had 7.74 +/- 0.71 mlU/ml LH, 6.75+1.06 mlU/ml FSH and 15.88 +/- 1.15 nmol/ml testosterone, respectively. The LH/FSH and FSH/LH ratios were 0.77 +/- 0.08 and 1.84 +/- 0.22 [Azoospermia], 1.78 +/- 0.41 and 1.47 +/- 0.18 [Oligozoospermia], 1.51 +/- 0.46 and 1.28 +/- 0.28 [Asthenozoospermia] while in normozoospermic and proven fathers were 1.55 +/- 0.16 and 0.85 +/- 0.10,1.67 +/- 0.22 and 0.94 +/- 0.12. Similarly, the LH/T and T/LH ratios were 1.17 +/- 0.28 and 0.86 +/- 2.70 [Azoospermia], 0.92 +/- 0.28 and 1.08 +/- 0.17 [Oligozoospermia], 0.30 +/- 0.10 and 4.14 +/- 10.4 [Asthenozoospermia] and in normozoospermic were 0.42 +/- 0.08 and 2.34 +/- 0.48.The ratios observed for T/FSH and FSH/T were 0.52 +/- 0.17 and 1.93 +/- 5.95 [Azoospermia], 0.71 +/- 0.28 and 1.42 +/- 3.57 [Oligozoospermia], 5.04 +/- 3.38 and 0.20 +/- 0.30 [Asthenozoospermia] and in normozoospermic men were 2.82 +/- 0.90 and 0.35 +/- 1.12, while in proven fathers were 4.09 +/- 0.57and 1.04 +/- 0.53 respectively. Altered/disturbed concentrations of gonadotropins and androgenic hormones and their ratios cause infertility, since all these hormones act synergistically

Prevalence of Hepatitis 'B' and 'C' in orthopaedics patients at Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad

Hepatitis B and C is a common global health problem and is spreading rapidly in developing countries due to lack of health education, poverty and illiteracy. Both of these infections can be transmitted through blood or body fluids, tattooing, through infected instruments, unsafe shave by barbers and sexual contact. Medical personnel are most exposed to these infections. There should be proper preventive measures to prevent its spread in the community. This is a descriptive study carried out from July 2003 to July 2004 on 1630 patients admitted in the department of Orthopaedics Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. Patients of either sex, of all ages undergoing surgery were included in the study. All patients underwent screening for Hepatitis-B and Hepatitis-C and confirmed by Elisa method in positive patients. Out of 1630 patients 1205 [73.92%] were male and 425 [26.07%] were female. Hepatitis B and C was present in 84 [5.15%] patients. Out of 84 infected patients 51 [3.12%] were suffering from hepatitis C and 33 [2.02%] were suffering from hepatitis B. In 2 [0.12%] patients both hepatitis B and C infections were present. Out of 51 hepatitis C patients, 33 [64.71%] were male and 18 [35.29%] were female. Out of 33 hepatitis B patients, 28 [84.85%] were male and 5 [15.15%] were female patients. Among the predisposing factors previous history of surgery was positive in 18 [21.43%] patients, history of blood transfusion in 13 [15.47%] patients, dental procedure was in 7 [8.33%] patients, and abroad visit in 4 [4.76%] patients. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C in orthopaedic patients is quite high with the common risk factors: previous history of surgery or blood transfusion. Therefore, all patients which need surgery should be routinely screened for hepatitis B and C to prevent transmission to other patients, medical staff. There should be separate operation theatres facilities for these patients. There should be policy by the Government for protection of medical personnel who are exposed to these patients and there should be compensation for those who get infected with these infections during their service otherwise the medical personnel especially surgeons will hesitate doing surgeries on hepatitis B and C infected patients

Contraception in traditional system of medicine the possible role of sex steroids on female reproduction

Contraceptive pills used in allopathic system of medicine contain both estrogen and progesterone or progesterone only. These hormones are responsible for contraception. Fertilization is prevented mainly by inhibiting ovulation or by making the mucus in the female genital tract thick and viscid. In this study different parts of five different plants, and one animal species used as contraceptive in Traditional System of Medicine, were selected to see their efficacy as contraceptive. These substances were subjected to determine the presence of steroid and peptide hormones. Electrochemiluminescence technique was used to detect these hormones in the extract. Results reveal that all the substances contain reasonable amount of steroid hormones i.e., estradiol, progesterone and testosterone ranging from 62.76 pg/ml to 313.6 pg/ml, 0.333 ng/ml to 2.90 ng/ml and 1.22 ng/ml to 22.24 ng/ml. respectively. All these substances were found to contain steroid hormones except the shell of Cyprea moneta which showed no detectable amount of LH and FSH. The concentrations of LI1 and FSH in the extract of Cyprea moneta shell were 0.564 mlU/ml ml and 0.644 mlU/ml, respectively. On the basis of these findings it is postulated that different parts of these plants and animals may create imbalance in the delicate ratio of estrogen and progesterone required for the ovulation and implantation, thus preventing fertilization

Outcome of modified open surgery in tennis elbow

Tennis elbow is a common disorder of upper extremity. It can be treated conservatively in majority of the patients but some resistant cases eventually need surgery. This descriptive study was conducted at Department of Orthopaedics, Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, from January 2002 to June 2006. Sixteen patients had surgical release of the extensor tendon origin along with excision of the lateral epicondyle ridge. These patients did not respond to conservative treatment i.e. rest, non- steroidal anti inflammatory drugs [NSAIDS], local steroid injections and physiotherapy. Patients were followed up to six months. Outcome was graded as excellent, good and poor according to pain relief and function of the hand. Sixteen patients [17 elbows] were studied, Thirteen were female [81.25%] and three were male [18.75%]. Fifteen patients [93.75%] had unilateral Tennis Elbow, while one had bilateral involvement [6.25%]. In unilateral disease, right side was affected in eleven patients [68.75%] and left side in four [25%]. Excellent outcome was noticed in eleven patients [68.75%] and good result in five patient [31.25%]. Open surgical technique of releasing extensor tendon origin along with excision of lateral condylar ridge of the humerus is new and simple procedure and yields excellent and good result in patients with resistant Tennis Elbow

Career planning by the doctors in NWFP

To determine the extent to which a doctor in NWFP has the knowledge and opportunity to plan his career at right time and reasonable cost. This prospective descriptive study was conducted at the Postgraduate Medical Institute, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from August 2006 to January 2007. Relevant information's were recorded on a questionnaire prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. This study comprised of 82 individuals who responded to the questionnaire, with age ranging from 25-35 years [mean age 28.13 years, SD +/- 2.8, median 30 years]. Out of 82 respondents, 25 [30.5%] had received some kind of orientation about career planning while 56 [68.3%] had received no orientation so far [one respondent did not answered this question]. Out of 82, sixty-two [75.6%] were either self motivated to attempt a postgraduate exam or were guided by their teachers. In terms of time lost, 29 [35.4%] replied that they had wasted their time in thinking/choosing, while 13 [15.8%] pointed out to have wasted additional time in switching over their career from one field to another. Similarly, in terms of finance, 07 [8.07%] responded to have suffered financially. In NWFP due attention has not been paid to career planning and even the well educated class [doctors] are wasting their precious time and finances due to lack of guidance in career planning field

Evaluation of management of tibial non-union defect with Ilizarov fixator

Tibial bone defect lead to limb shortening and functional deficit and needs proper treatment. There are various treatment modalities for bone defect in long bone to restore length and function of the limb, i.e. bone grafting, vascularised bone graft, allograft and bone transport. Bone transport can be done through fixators [uniplaner or ring] and intramedullary nail system. This study was conducted on management of tibial non-union with Illizarov external fixator. METHOD: This descriptive study was performed on 58 patients in Agency Headquarter Hospital, Bajawar and Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, from January 2000 to January 2006. Patients of either gender with age between 9 to 58 years, having nonunion [clean and infected nonunion] in tibia with defect of 2 to 7cm due to trauma or firearm injury were included in the study. These patients were followed up upto one year. Outcome measures were according to the classification of Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov [ASAMI], which is based on radiological [defect filling] and clinical [functional] findings. Out of 58 patients, 44 [75%] were male and 14 [25%] were female. Mean age was 30 years [9 to 58 years]. 38 [65.52%] patients had infected non-union while 20 [34.48%] had clean non-union. Right tibia was involved in 32 patients [51.17%] and left was involved in 26 [44.83%] patients. The cause of initial trauma was road traffic accident in 27 patients [46.55%], firearm injury in 23 patients [39.65%] and a simple fall in 8 patients [13.79%]. The length of average bone defect was 2.90 cm [200-7.00cm]. Radiological results were excellent in 33 [58.89%] patients, good in 12 [20.68%] patients, fair in 8 [13.79%] patients and poor in 5 [8.62%] patients. The clinical results were excellent in 33 patients [56.89%], good in 18 patients [31.05%], fair in 4 [6.89%] patients and poor in 3 patients [5.17%]. Ilizarov ring fixator is excellent treatment modality for tibial non-union with a defect, regarding bone union, deformity correction, infection eradication, limb length achievement and limb function but this needs prolonged learning curve for fresh orthopedic surgeons

effect of binders on the bioavailability of ofloxacin tablets in human volunteers

The bioavailability of ofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone widely used in the treatment of bacterial infection varies different with different binders used in the formulation of tablets due to different binding properties and variable release characteristics. In this study, two formulations of ofloxacin were prepared. The only difference between them was of binder. The two binders used were gelatin and starch. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of tablets was performed. Eight healthy human volunteers were selected for this study, and were divided into two groups each consisting of 4 volunteers. First group was given formulation 1 with gelatin as binder. Each volunteer received 200 mg ofloxacin tablet. Volunteers of the second group were given formulation 2 with starch as binder. After one week wash out period, volunteers of the first group received formulation 2 and volunteers of second group received formulation 1 Blood samples were collected at different time intervals. The drug concentrations in plasma were assayed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters of formulation 1 were C [max] 1.4412 +/- 1.8367 micro g/ml, t [max] was 1.00 +/- 0.00 hours, AUC 8.6804 +/- 0.8346 micro g.h/ml, AUMC 43.017 +/- 0.2893 micro g.h [2] /ml, MRT 4.8869 +/- 1.3587 hours, Ke 0.2067 +/- 6.9207, T [1/2] 3.3886 +/- 1.6321 hours, Vd 113.826 +/- 0.2983 L/Kg, Vss 4.833 +/- 0.9138 L/Kg, Cl 23.595 +/- 0.5070 ml/h/Kg. For Formulation 2 these values were 1.515 +/- 1.5898 micro g/ml, 0.5 +/- 0.00 hours, 9.0317 +/- 0.8805 micro g.h/ml, 35.4486 +/- 0.3337 micro g.h [2] /ml, 3.8798 +/- 1.4668 hours, 0.2606 +/- 6.0291, 2.68 +/- L 76 hours, 86.609 +/- 0.3354 L/Kg, 5.94 +/- 0.84 L/Kg, 22.580 +/- 0.5333 ml/h/Kg respectively. Statistical analysis was performed and it was found that the formulation 1 [formulated with gelatin] released the drug slightly greater than the formulation 2 within two hours after its administration. There was highly significant difference between mean residence time, elimination rate constant, half life and volume of distribution between both of the formulations. Therefore, formulation 2 has greater bioavailability than the formulation L Thus it can be concluded that the binder can affect the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug

Does LH/Testo and Testo/LH ratio affect male fertility?

This study was designed to determine the levels of serum LH and Testosterone along with their ratios, among men with varying sperm quality. Two hundred fifty married men, presenting with a complaint of infertility, which had been evaluated for their seminal profile. LH indicated inverse/negative correlation to sperm concentration, while decreased testosterone levels were associated with depleted sperm conc. The mean levels of LH [mlU/ml] and testosterone [nmol/L] for the groups were 13.85 +/- 2.33 and 11.86 +/- 0.70 [azoospermia], 10.92 +/- 3.79 and 11.88 +/- 1.06 [oligozoospermia], 3.92 +/- 1.17 and 16.24 +/- 2.05 [asthenozoospermia], while the levels in normozoospermic men were 7.24 +/- 1.02 and 17.29 +/- 1.02, respect. Similarly, the LH/T and T/LH ratios were 1.17[ +/- 0.28] and 0.86[ +/- 2.70] respectively in azoospermia, 0.92 [ +/- 0.28] and 1.08[ +/- 0.17] in oligozoospermia, 0.30[ +/- 0.10] and 4.14[ +/- 10.4] in asthenozoospermia 0.42 [ +/- 0.08] and 2.34[ +/- 0.48] in normozoospermic men. The present data indicate that disturbance in LH and testosterone ratios also causes infertility, since these hormones act together by maintaining a feedback control system

Frequency of polyzoospermia and teratozoospermia in infertile men

This study was aimed to see the frequency of polyzoospermia and teratozoospermia, among men with history of infertility, presenting at National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Seven hundred and ninety married men presenting with a complaint of infertility underwent their semen analysis. They were categorized on the basis of sperm count and morphology. The sperm count was performed by Neubauer haemocytometer, while morphology assessed after staining the slides as described by the WHO methodology. The 790 men were classified as having azoospermia [203], oligozoospermia [353], polyzoospermia [13] and normozoospermia [221]. While on the basis of morphology as teratozoospermia [37] and normozoospermia [550]. The frequency of polyzoospermia in our study was 1.65% and teratozoospermia 6.30%. The study highlights the importance of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of sperms i.e. count and morphology in order to accurately diagnose the causes of infertility. It shows low frequency of polyzoospermia and teratozoospermia in infertile men

Evaluation of the gonadotropic ratios among men with varying sperm quality

This study was designed to determine the levels of serum LH and FSH, along with their ratios, among men with varying sperm quality. One hundred fifty married men, presenting with a complaint of infertility, which had been evaluated for their seminal profile, and had been classified as azoospermic [50], oligozoospermic [50], asthenozoospermic [20] and normozoospermic [30] were studied for the analysis of serum LH, FSH, levels using Enzyme Immuno Assay [EIA]. Data were compared using student "t-test. The FSH and LH level indicated inverse/negative correlation to sperm concentration. The mean FSH and LH levels for the groups were 22.92 +/- 4.15 and 13.85 +/- 2.33 [Azoospermia], 16.82 +/- 3.79 and 10.92 +/- 3.79 [Oligozoospermia], 3.22 +/- 0.61 and 3.92 +/- 1.17 [Asthenozoospermia] while the levels in normozoospermic men were 5.53 +/- 0.52 and 7.40 +/- 0.60. Similarly, the LH/FSH and FSH/LH ratios in the four groups were 0.77 +/- 0.08 and 1.84 +/- 0.22 [Azoospermia], 1.78 +/- 0.41 and 1.47 +/- 0.18 [Oligozoospermia], 1.51 +/- 0.46 and 1.28 +/- 0.28 [Asthenozoospermia] and the respective ratios in normozoospermic men were 1.55 +/- 0.16 and 0.85 +/- 0.10. The present data indicate that disturbance in gonadotropin ratios also causes infertility, since these hormones act synergistically.