Determinants of Urolithiasis in Adult Patients Presenting to Urology Outdoor Mayo Hospital, Lahore

This study was focused on The Determinants of Urolithiasis in Adults presenting to outdoor of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Urolithiasis means stones in the urinary tract which may be of oxalate, phosphate or calcium. Objectives: To identify the frequency of various precipitating factors of urolithiasis and the percentage contributed by each factor in the disease. . Design: Sample study. Place: Lahore. Study Period: 2-3 months. Subjects and Methods: A sample was taken out of a 100 subjects having urinary tract stones presenting to Urology Outdoor, Mayo Hospital, Lahore. Selection methods were discussed to define the criteria for selection of the population. Patients were interviewed through questionnaires. Modern data collection, compilation and analysis techniques were adopted.After describing the demographic characteristics using frequency tables, pie charts and bar charts were prepared for illustration. Results: Out of 100 subjects, urolithiasis was found to be more in people above 35 yrs (64%), mostly common in women (54%) as compared to males (46%). Less water intake (in57% cases), unfiltered/ unboiled drinking water (in 82% cases), high intake of green vegetables/tomatoes (in 40% cases) and urinary tract infections (in 57% cases) were found to be significantly associated with urolithiasis, 69.5% of the males had pre existing Benign Prostate Hyperplasia. 24% of the cases were on diuretics when they developed urolithiasis. Contribution of commonly notorious risk factors like high calcium intake, high protein diet was not found to be significant. 23% of the individuals were taking high calcium supplements.4% of the individuals were on high protein diet. 25% of the individuals had pre existing hypertension. Only 21% of the individuals had co existing gouty arthritis. 13% had pre existing diabetes mellitus. None of them was on drugs like triamterene, indinavir, and sulfadiazine

Evaluation of Health Care Facilities for Promotion of Reproductive Health

This research paper analyses infant and maternal deaths, last pregnancy Ante-natal Checkup, distribution of age, availed quality of Ante-natal, availed number of checkups, during pregnancy complications recognition and pregnancy. Location of the village is Taluka in district Thatta with 375 people as its total population. A questionnaire was developed for the completion of household survey. The set criteria were 1 couple 1 households without any discrimination of kitchen utilization. Information of house, education status, WASH facilities, livelihood, skill, expenditure and income was included in the research paper. Data was gathered from the theme of PRA and response of the participants. SPSS and Excel were used for the development of household database, KAP, health facility and LIP. Research aimed at the analysis of the mother’s reproductive health in terms of health availability and affordability to find out attitude, knowledge and practices regarding healthcare services. Instead of recognizing the norms of the culture in most of the social settings of the mother reproductive health, it is observed that less attention is given to the factor of healthcare effectiveness and social norms for the promotion of healthcare facilities of mothers. Findings of the research reflect that financial status and marriage at young age seriously affect the women’s reproductive health. It is further influenced by economic, cultural and social factors in rural communities of Pakistan. Another significant hindrance is the poor state of public hospital quality standards. For the safety of maternal life these barriers need to be removed to assure high level of quality healthcare to the rural areas women.

Right cerebellar stroke with a right vertebral artery occlusion following an embolization of the right glomus tympanicum tumor: Case report with literature review

A 35-year-old female presented with episodes of frequent dizziness, ear fullness, and right ear tinnitus for 12 months. Head imaging revealed a right glomus tympanicum tumor. She underwent pre-operative endovascular embolization of the glomus tympanicum tumor with surgical, cyanoacrylate-based glue. Immediately after the procedure, she developed drowsiness and severe pain in the right temporal region. Further investigations revealed a right cerebellar stroke in the posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory. She was treated with intravenous heparin, followed by one year of oral anticoagulation. With rehabilitation, she significantly recovered from her post embolization stroke. However, the tumor was resected at another institution. Ten years later, follow-up imaging indicated a gradual increase in the size of the glomus jugulare tumor compressing the nearby critical vascular structures. She subsequently received radiation therapy to treat the residual tumor. Currently, she has no neurological deficit, but her mild dizziness, right ear tinnitus, and hearing impairment persist.

Salvage flow diverter stent across the posterior communicating artery for persistent retrograde filling of a giant internal carotid artery aneurysm after parent vessel occlusion

Giant internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms are complex vascular lesions which are difficult to treat with open as well as endovascular surgery. Parent vessel occlusion is a well-established treatment option for such aneurysms. However, there have been a few reported cases of ruptured aneurysms related to the persistent retrograde filling after parent vessel occlusion. We report a case which highlights the usage of the flow diverter stent as a potential treatment strategy for the management of retrograde filling of aneurysms. A 54-year-old female was found to have a giant left ICA aneurysm on a brain magnetic resonance imaging during workup for headaches. She underwent occlusion of the left ICA proximal to the aneurysm using multiple coils. However, follow up angiograms after 6 months and 2 years demonstrated persistent retrograde filling of the left ICA aneurysm through the posterior communicating (PCOM) artery. Eventually, she was successfully treated with a flow diverter stent across the PCOM artery into the distal ICA. Follow up angiogram after 6 months showed patent flow in the PCOM artery and the distal ICA. with complete occlusion of the aneurysm. Using a flow diverter stent after insufficient parent vessel occlusion for giant intracranial aneurysms may be a feasible treatment option and an addition to the neurovascular treatment armamentarium.

Salvage flow diverter stent across the posterior communicating artery for persistent retrograde filling of a giant internal carotid artery aneurysm after parent vessel occlusion

Giant internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms are complex vascular lesions which are difficult to treat with open as well as endovascular surgery. Parent vessel occlusion is a well-established treatment option for such aneurysms. However, there have been a few reported cases of ruptured aneurysms related to the persistent retrograde filling after parent vessel occlusion. We report a case which highlights the usage of the flow diverter stent as a potential treatment strategy for the management of retrograde filling of aneurysms. A 54-year-old female was found to have a giant left ICA aneurysm on a brain magnetic resonance imaging during workup for headaches. She underwent occlusion of the left ICA proximal to the aneurysm using multiple coils. However, follow up angiograms after 6 months and 2 years demonstrated persistent retrograde filling of the left ICA aneurysm through the posterior communicating (PCOM) artery. Eventually, she was successfully treated with a flow diverter stent across the PCOM artery into the distal ICA. Follow up angiogram after 6 months showed patent flow in the PCOM artery and the distal ICA. with complete occlusion of the aneurysm. Using a flow diverter stent after insufficient parent vessel occlusion for giant intracranial aneurysms may be a feasible treatment option and an addition to the neurovascular treatment armamentarium.

Socio-demographic and Clinical Correlates of Community Reintegration of Stroke Survivors in Nigeria

Background:Low level of community reintegration among stroke survivors is a major obstacle to rehabilitation services post discharge from acute care. Few studies have assessed the impact of community reintegration on stroke survivors in Nigeria. This study investigates community reintegration and associated factors among stroke survivors in Maiduguri, Nigeria.Methodology:Purposive sampling technique was used to recruit 55 stroke survivors attending rehabilitation services from two public hospitals in Maiduguri. Community reintegration was assessed with the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI) questionnaire, while information on sociodemographics (e.g., age group, gender, employment status, educational status) and clinical characteristics (e.g., post stroke duration, types of stroke, side of affectation) was obtained using the data form. Logistic regression analyses with odd ratios were used to test the associations between community reintegration and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics Results:The mean age and post stroke duration of the participants were 44.69±13.06 years and 17.25±24.90 months respectively. The participants’ community reintegration scores showed that 60%, 38.2% and 1.8% have no integration, mild to moderate reintegration and complete reintegration respectively. The results indicated that stroke survivors with a stroke duration greater than 8 months (OR=3.32, C.I=1.08-10.27) and those with haemorrhagic stroke (OR=4.67, C.I=1.05-20.66) were more likely to be reintegrated into the community than their counterparts with 6-8 months post stroke duration and ischaemic stroke, respectively. There was significant association between community reintegration and sociodemographic characteristics such as post stroke duration and type of stroke.Conclusions: Rehabilitation strategies should focus on clinical characteristics of the stroke survivors when planning and delivering effective community reintegration interventions

Outpatient prevention counseling for malaria in northwest Nigeria: A single-centre descriptive cross-sectional study

To assess the proportion of caregivers of children and patients who received malaria prevention counseling from their healthcare provider at the time of outpatient malaria treatment. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 353 randomly selected adult patients and caregivers of children attending the general and paediatric outpatient clinics of a Nigerian hospital. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on participants' sociodemographics and last malaria-episode characteristics. Chi square test and logistic regression analysis were used to determine factors associated with and predictors of receiving malaria-prevention counseling, respectively. Results: The mean age of the respondents was (33.6±9.6) years; they were predominantly females (257, 72.8%). Most had at least secondary-level education (304, 86.1%); the family size was mostly 1-6 persons in 202 (57.2%) respondents. They were treated mostly by doctors 256 (72.5%), but only 132 (37.4%) received malaria prevention counseling. Educational-level (χ

First COVID-19 related death in Pakistan in a patient with a travel history in Saudi Arabia

Rationale: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recognized as highly pathogenic. The current pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 has been spread globally and infected more than 200 countries. Patient concerns: We report the first confirmed fatal case of COVID-19 in Pakistan. A 50-year-old man returned from Saudi Arabia on March 09, 2020 and presented with cough, fever, malaise, poor appetite and difficulty in breathing to the Pulmonologist at District Headquarter Hospital Mardan. Diagnosis: The patient was initially diagnosed as COVID-19 suspected case. A oropharyngeal swab sample was positive by realtime RT-PCR tests. Lessons: This report highlights the importance of close coordination between clinicians and public health authorities as well as the importance of early laboratory-based confirmation of COVID-19 cases.

A Comparison of Sensitivity and Specificity of AST to Platelet Index (APRI) and FIB-4 with Transient Elastography i.e. Fibro Scan in Chronic HCV Infected Patients

Background: Hepatitis C is a leading cause of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and cirrhosis associated complications. In this study, we compared readily available non-invasive fibrosis indexes with fibro scans for fibrosis staging and predicting its progression in Pakistani population. Methods: The retro prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in medicine unit 1 and 2 and hepatitis clinic of Lahore General Hospital, Lahore starting from February 12, 2018 to January 8, 2019. We studied 1464 HCV infected patients which were got CBC, LFTs, ELISA, PCR and fibro scan was done to perfectly diagnose ongoing hepatitis C infection. In order to differentiate HCV fibrosis progression, we compared the effectiveness of readily available AST to Platelet Index (APRI), and FIB-4 with fibro scan. Results: Readily available serum indexes AST to Platelet Index (APRI) and FIB-4 were able to stage liver fibrosis in advanced stages of fibrosis (F4 especially) with correlation coefficient indexes 0.462, and 0.131 with considerable specificities and sensitivities. For APRI >1.5, it did predict F4 stage with sensitivity of 87.6% and specificity of 74.8%. For Fib-4> 3.25, it did predict F4 stage with sensitivity of 72.3% and specificity of 53.2%. Conclusion: Readily available and cheap serum indexes, AST to Platelet Index (APRI) and FIB-4 accurately predicted distinguished between cirrhotic and non- cirrhotic stages in HCV infected patients in comparison to the costly and rarely available Fibro scan score.

Effectiveness of Endoscopist-Directed Nurse-Administered Propofol Sedation (EDNAPS) for EGD, Colonoscopy and MRCP: A Prospective Study in 929 Patients

Background/objectives: The aim of our study was to review the safety and effectiveness of Endoscopist-directed nurse-administered propofol sedation (EDNAPS) during GIT endoscopic procedures, occurrence of major and minor adverse events followed by propofol sedation, level of patient satisfaction and possible choice of propofol as sedative agent in their future endoscopic procedures in Pakistani population. Materials and methods: Prospective data were collected from patients receiving diagnostic AGD, colonoscopy or ERCP. Subjects who stopped the emergency procedure or both EGD and colonoscopy were excluded on the same date. Other exclusions include over 20 years of age, pregnancy, the American society of associate psychologists (ASA) Class III or IV, overweight (body weight>100kg), or drugs or its components or components (Soybean or egg) allergies included. Result: In our study a total of 929 patients comprising 520 males (56%) and 409 females (44%) with mean age of 46.19 ± 15.3years, mean MBI 24.27 ± 2.7. Age-specific propofol dosage was similar across gender except for age group 60 years and above where higher mean propofol dosage was required for females as compared to males for EGD and Colonoscopy (82.8 ± 32.2 vs. 63.5 ± 29.8; p-value 0.005; 81.1 ± 26.1 vs. 75.3 ± 25.0; p-value 0.03). The required examination was completed in all cases. There was no major adverse event. Majority of the patients rated the procedure satisfactory and agreed to undergo same sedative for next time. Conclusion: Endoscopist-directed nurse-administered propofol sedation (EDNAPS) during GIT endoscopic procedures is safe and effective in selected patients.

Clinical Analysis of Complete Denture Satisfaction Factors: Dentist and Patient Perspective

Background: The dilemma of patient satisfaction vs. non-satisfaction with dentures is another never-ending debate in dentistry. The fabrication of optimal dentures is possible with appropriate prosthetic laboratory techniques along with patients’ anatomic and physiologic requirements assessed by a dentist. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patient’s priority and mean satisfaction scores of the patient and dentist during complete denture therapy. Material and methods: After selecting the subjects based on decided inclusion and exclusion criteria, the patients were asked to fill the proforma with VAS. The proforma contained a questionnaire divided into 3 parts which need to be filled by both the patients and the dentist, independently. The patients rated their dentures using a scale ranging from 1-5 (5=very satisfied; 4=satisfied; 3=neither satisfied, nor dissatisfied; 2=dissatisfied; 1=very dissatisfied), and a dentist rated the quality of the denture and the denture-bearing area. Results: According to the patient’s priority the majority of the patients preferred mastication (47%). The highest mean dentist satisfaction score was concerned with the extension of a denture (0.97 ± 0.28). There was no statistically significant difference with age and gender for mean denture assessment, aesthetic, phonetics, mastication and comfort satisfaction score (p>0.05). However, the employed patients have aesthetic, phonetics and mastication satisfaction score higher than unemployed patients and the relationship was statistically significant (p<0.05). The educated patients have mean phonetics satisfaction score higher as compared to uneducated patients and the relationship was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: Majority of the patients was concerned with better chewing function with their dentures. Age and gender do not affect patient satisfaction. However, employed patients were less satisfied with their dentures as compare to unemployed patients. In addition, patients who were educated had better phonetics with their dentures as compare to uneducated patients. Strong dentist-patient communication is necessary to be able to satisfy a patient.

Prevalence of PALB2 Germline Mutations in Early-onset and Familial Breast/Ovarian Cancer Patients from Pakistan / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Partner and localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2) is a breast cancer susceptibility gene that plays an important role in DNA repair. This is the first study assessing the prevalence of PALB2 mutations in early-onset and familial breast/ovarian cancer patients from Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PALB2 mutation screening was performed in 370 Pakistani patients with early-onset and familial breast/ovarian cancer, who were negative for BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, CHEK2, and RAD51C mutations, using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Mutations were confirmed by DNA sequencing. Novel PALB2 alterations were analyzed for their potential effect on protein function or splicing using various in silico prediction tools. Three-hundred and seventy-two healthy controls were screened for the presence of the identified (potentially) functional mutations. RESULTS: A novel nonsense mutation, p.Y743*, was identified in one familial breast cancer patient (1/127, 0.8%). Besides, four in silico-predicted potentially functional mutations including three missense mutations and one 5' untranslated region mutation were identified: p.D498Y, novel p.G644R, novel p.E744K, and novel c.-134_-133delTCinsGGGT. The mutations p.Y743* and p.D498Y were identified in two familial patients diagnosed with unilateral or synchronous bilateral breast cancer at the ages of 29 and 39, respectively. The other mutations were identified in an early-onset (≤ 30 years of age) breast cancer patient each. All five mutations were absent in 372 healthy controls suggesting that they are disease associated. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that PALB2 mutations account for a small proportion of early-onset and hereditary breast/ovarian cancer cases in Pakistan.

Evaluation of 99mTc-sulfadiazine as Bacillus microorganisms infection imaging agent using animal model

Bacterial infection is one of the vital sources of morbidity and mortality. The development of single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT] radiotracer agents using antibiotics, for targeting in-vivo bacteria, helps in antibiotic dose calibration, targeted infection therapy and reduction in mortality rate. The aim of this study was to appraised [99m]Tc-labeling sulfadiazine as a radiopharmaceutical for bacillus infections imaging. Radiolabeling of sulfadiazine with technetium-99m was carried out by subsequent addition of 1.5 mL aqueous solution of sulfadiazine [1mg/mL], 120Mug stannous tartrate, gentistic acid as stabilizing agent and 185 MBq normal saline solution of 99mTcO4 -1 [pertechnetate] at pH = 5. The reaction mixture was incubated for 40 min at room temperature with light stirring. The quality control analysis [ITLC-SG and paper chromatography analysis] revealed 98% labeling yield. Biodistribution and scintigraphic study was carried using bacillus bacterial infection induced New Zealand white rabbits. Due to the ease of [99m]Tc-sulfadiazine conjugation method, high labeling efficiency, shelf stability [>95% up to 6h], blood serum stability [90% up to 6h] and high uptake in the infected muscle [T/NT =2.21 at 1h], [99m]Tc-SDZ could be used as radiopharmaceutical of choice for further pre-clinical and clinical studies

Enzymatic degradation study of 111In-labeled minigastrin peptides using cathepsin B enzyme and AR42J cancer cell line for the development of neuroendocrine tumor imaging radiopharmaceuticals

Neuroendocrine tumors [NET] are the rare tumors which often impose graveyard threat. These tumors are characterized by the overexpression of various G-protein coupled receptors including cholecystokinin [CCK] receptors-1 and 2 [A or B]. Minigastrin peptides are being investigated for theranostic purposes of CCK-2 receptor positive NET. The minigastrin analogue [APHO70] was modified by engineering enzyme susceptible tetrapeptide sequence into APHO70 peptide to reduce the random degradation by lysosome enzymes which pave the way to random trafficking in patient's body and dipeptide addition at c-terminus. All the four modified minigastrin peptides [MG-CL1-4] were investigated for lysosome cathepsin B [catB] enzyme susceptibility and fate into AR42J cancer cell line. The indium-111 labeled MG-CL1-4 peptides were also studied for target [tumor] and non-target saccumulation by using tumor induced mice. The RP-HPLC analysis result showed nonspecific cleavage of standard 111In-APH070 and 111In-MGCL1 while specific cleavage was noted in case of 111In-MGCL [2-4]. The effect of specific and non-specific cleavage on biodistribution in tumor induced nude mice model indicates the promising accumulation of 111In-MGCL2, 111In-MGCL3, and 111In-MGCL4 radiotracers while 111In-MGCL1 showed less accumulation. 111In-MGCL2 and 111In-MGCL3 showed highest target-to-kidney ratio [T/K] i.e. 1.71 and 1.72, respectively whereas standard compound showed T/K 1.13. In conclusion, the two indium-111 labeled analogues i.e. 111In-MGCL2 and 111In-MGCL3 showed promising sensitivity for tumor and could be tested for further investigation to reach pre-clinical studies

Analysis of toll-like receptors-9 [TLR9] gene polymorphism [rs5743836] in Pakistani patients with HCV

Toll-like receptors [TLRs] are innate immune receptors that mediate the inflammatory response during HCV infections. The goal of this study was to evaluate the association of TLR9 gene polymorphism [rs5743836] in Pakistani patients infected with genotype 3a of HCV. Total 500 subjects were recruited, 400 HCV patients and 100 healthy individuals. Genotyping of TLR9 [-1237T/C, rs5743836] was carried out in 400 HCV patients [323 interferon responders and 77 interferon nonresponder] and control group by applying High resolution melting [HRM] curve assay. No remarkable differences in distribution of genotype between HCV [p<0.0001; OR= 3.21, 95% CI= [2.514.12] and control groups [p<0.0001; OR=0.092, 95%CI= [0.0580.14] were observed. In conclusion TLR9-1237T/C gene polymorphism may not be considered as a molecular risk for patients with HCV in Pakistan

Pattern and presentation of odontogenic jaw cysts: a clinical experience

Objective: To determine the pattern and presentations of odontogenic jaw cysts in patients reporting at the Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry

Study Design: Descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, from Jan to Dec 2007

Material and Methods: Hundred patients including 70 males and 30 females with the age range 5-65 years were included in the study. History, clinical examination, radiographic examination and histopathologic examination of lesion were carried out for each patient. A proforma was filled for each patient for all relevant information, presentation and pattern. Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 10

Results: Out of total 100 patients, 58% were diagnosed with radicular cysts, 25% with dentigerous cysts, 15% with odontogenic keratocyst, 1% patient with calcifying epithelial odontogenic cyst and 1% patient was diagnosed with eruption cyst

Conclusion: The study demonstrates that radicular cyst was the most common odontogenic cysts followed by dentigerous and odontogenic keratocysts respectively in our study sample

Surgical repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect

Objective: To review the results of surgical correction of partial atrioventricular septal defect and associated cardiac comorbidities

Methods: Retrospective case analysis of electronic database of department of paediatrics cardiac surgery, CPEIC, Multan was done. Forty consecutive patients operated for partial atrioventricular septal defect repair from September 2011 to October 2016 were included. Mean age was 14.67+/-7.96 years. 60% [24] patients were male. Regarding echocardiographic findings, pre-operatively 40% [n=16] had mild, 47.5% [19] had moderate and 12.5% [n=5] had severe mitral valve regurgitation. There were 25% [n=10] patients having moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation. Pulmonary hypertension was moderate in 57.5% [n=23] cases and severe in 7.5% [n=3] cases. Among other associated lesions 10% [n=4] patients had secundum ASD, pulmonary artery stenosis was seen in 5% [n=2] patients. Another 5.0% [n=2] patients had bilateral SVCS. While one patient had PDA and one patient had associated common atrium

Results: Post-operatively there were 19 cases [47.5%] having no mitral valve regurgitation while 18 [45%] patients showed mild and 7.5% [n=3] had moderate mitral valve regurgitation. Only one case had moderate tricuspid valve regurgitation post-operatively, while 22.5% [n=9] cases had mild tricuspid regurgitation. Complete heart block and left sided brain infarct developed in one case. There was no mortality, reoperation, residual atrial shunt or left ventricular outflow tract obstruction

Conclusion: Repair of partial AV canal carries good overall results with minimal mortality however earlier repair is suggested to reduce post- operative morbidity further

Tetralogy of Fallot repair in patients presenting after Infancy: a single surgeon experience

Objective: To determine the early surgical outcomes of Tetralogy of Fallot [TOP] repair in children and young adults operated after the age of one year

Methods: In this retrospective study, 307 cases of primary repair of Tetralogy of Fallot were done between September 2012 to February 2017, at CPE Institute of cardiology, Multan. Out of 307 operated patients, 4 [1.3%] patients had previous modified Blalock Taussig shunts, 2 [0.6%] associated ASD with TOF, 3 [0.9%] co-association of TOF with PDA, 2 [0.6%] had large conal arterial branch crossing the annulus, 3 [0.9%] had dextrocardia with situs inversus, 12 [3.9%] TOF with double outlet right ventricle [DORV], 2 [0.6%] were associated with complete AV canal defect, 8 [2.60%] with absent pulmonary valve syndrome, 15 [5.5%] I with left pulmonary artery stenosis. Data of post-operative complications and operative parameters was recorded for all patients

Results: Mean age of operated patients was 9.56+/-4.89 years. Post-operative complications occurred in 7.8% of patients. Most common post-operative complications were pleural effusion with a frequency of 12[3.9%] patients, and complete heart block in one patient. Insignificant small residual VSD was diagnosed in 8 [2.6%] patients. One moderately large VSD was closed surgically after one year of 1st surgery. Moderate to severe pulmonary valve regurgitation was diagnosed in 114 [37.1%] patients. Mild to moderate tricuspid regurgitation in 15 [4.8%] patients and moderate right ventricular outflow tract obstruction [RVOT] in 16 [5.2%] patients. Thirty-day mortality was only four [1.3%]

Conclusion: Surgical correction of Tetralogy of Fallot [TOF] in children after one year carries good operative outcomes with minimum morbidity and mortality