ABSTRACT
Objectives: To examine the association of central obesity [measured as waist-to-hip ratio] with glucose intolerance, and to compare the mean fasting blood sugar and the mean random blood sugar levels of centrally obese and non- obese adults
Study Design: Analytical case-control study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out at the Medical Wards and OPDs of Civil Hospital Karachi from June 2015 to December 2015
Materials and Methods: The subjects were selected by non-probability convenience. Based on their waist-to-hip ratio they were divided into centrally obese [group A] and non-obese [group B]. The cut-off point for waist-to-hip ratio was 1.0 for males and 0.85 for females. One hundred non-diabetic, healthy adults were included in each group. All the subjects underwent a 2 hour 75-gm oral glucose tolerance test. Fasting blood sugar and random blood sugar at two hours post-glucose challenge were measured
Results: Five individuals had blood sugar levels in the diabetic range and were excluded from the study. Impaired glucose tolerance was observed in fifteen out of 98 subjects in the centrally obese group and six out of 97 subjects in the non-obese group. This difference was statistically significant [p=0.04]. Statistically significant difference was also observed between the mean fasting blood sugar and the mean random blood sugar of the two groups [p<0.001 in both cases]. The odds ratio for a person with central obesity to have impaired glucose tolerance was estimated to be 2.74
Conclusion: There is a significant association between central obesity [waist-to-hip ratio] and glucose intolerance
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine frequency of hypomagnesemia in diabetic patients presenting at Civil Hospital Karachi
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at a Diabetic Clinic in National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology [NIDE], Karachi from January to June 2016
Materials and Methods: All patients > 12 years of age of either sex, diagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus [either Type I or Type II] of > 5 years duration and have given consent for participation in the study were included. Patients with acute pancreatitis and have history of alcoholism [such conditions results in reallocation of the magnesium from extracellular to intracellular space], occurrences of diarrhea, regurgitating and nasogastric suction, ostomies and gastrointestinal fistulas [conditions which result gastrointestinal magnesium loss] and patients receiving diuretics, chemotherapeutic agents [cisplatin], antimicrobials [amphotericin B, aminoglycosides, pentamidine, capreomycin. vancomycin, and foscarnet], immunosuppressants [tacrulimus and cyclosporine], and proton-pump inhibitors, [as all these drugs results in renal loss of magnesium] were excluded
Results: The average age of selected patients with diabetes mellitus was 46.81 +/- 6.8 years. Of 350 patients, 203 [58%] were female and 147 [42%] were male; 176 [50.3%] patients had diabetes for >/= 7years; 269 [76.9%] patients had type II diabetes and 275 [78.6%] had uncontrolled diabetes. The mean serum magnesium level was 1.48 +/- 0.36 mg/dl and the frequency of hypomagnesemia was 227 [64.9%] cases
Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that the frequency of hypomagnesemia was 64.9% among study population
ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate awareness among diabetic patients attending OPD of National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karachi, about the baseline blood glucose levels, Risk factors and Complications
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: This study conducted at the OPD of National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology [NIDE], at OJHA campus of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi from January to March 2016 in Karachi
Materials and Methods: Adult, age 18 years and above, cases of diabetes were recruited from OPD of National Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology [NIDE], at OJHA campus of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire which was translated into local language i.e. Urdu. SPSS was used for statistical analysis
Results: A total of 100 participants completed the interview out of which 53% were male and 47% were female. Mean age of the participants was 49.3 +/- 10.7 years. Regarding the knowledge about target blood glucose levels, only 39% of the participants correctly identify the fasting blood glucose level while only 26% correctly answered random blood glucose levels. Overall mean score of knowledge and awareness was 40%. Male had better knowledge then female. Mean score for male was 50% compared to 30% among female. This difference was statistically significant p-value <0.05. Over all 45% of the participants were found to have poor knowledge scores, 35% had acceptable while only 20% had acceptable knowledge scores
Conclusion: This study found that there is low level of awareness among the patients attending diabetic outpatient clinics of NIDE. This indicates gaps in the patient care which needs attention. There is need to integrate patient education regarding glycemic targets, risk factors, complications and self-care as essential component of care through different channels of communication