ABSTRACT
Resumen El desarrollo de estudios en torno a la memoria colectiva da lugar a la consideración de nuevas elaboraciones y distinciones en su composición. De estas últimas, hay dos que son relevantes al presente estudio. La primera, en relación a la fuente del recuerdo, distingue entre una memoria comunicativa y una memoria cultural. La segunda, en relación al tipo de recuerdo, distingue entre la memoria colectiva semántica vivida (MCSV) y la memoria colectiva semántica distante (MCSD). También se considera la forma de afectación que han tenido los hechos sobre los participantes y la autocategorización ideológica/política de los participantes. El presente estudio aborda cómo los factores tipo de recuerdo, afectación e ideología influyeron en el contenido del recuerdo colectivo de la crisis de 2001, considerando a los temas/ideas principales. 80 participantes respondieron a una tarea de recuerdo libre. Se llevaron a cabo múltiples Análisis de la Varianza (ANOVAs). Los resultados muestran que los distintos grupos (MCSV y MCSD; Afectados Directamente e Indirectamente; Derecha e Izquierda) comparten los mismos contenidos, caracterizados por una descripción de hechos y por una ausencia de contextualización de los mismos. Las pocas diferencias tienden a mostrar un clima emocional y social de la época, ofrecido por aquellos participantes con recuerdos vividos y afectados indirectamente. No se encontraron diferencias en función de la autocategorización ideológica/política. Esta falta de diferencias se explicaría por las características propias de una memoria a predominio comunicativo, como la de la crisis de 2001, que no promovería la elaboración de contextos en la memoria colectiva.
Abstract Among the distinctions in the field of collective memory studies, there is one that refers to the source of the memories, and is growing in force and importance: that is, the distinction between communicative and cultural memories. Another important distinction refers to the type of memories that constitute collective memories, and is the one between Lived Semantic Collective Memory and Distant Semantic Collective Memory. Another two important factors are the ideology of the rememberer and how was the rememberer affected by the crisis. The present study aims to investigate how the last three factors (type of memory, being affected or not, and ideology) influenced the content of collective recall of the 2001 crisis, considering themes/main ideas as dependent variables. As national memories allow us to study collective memory, the present study is focused on the memories Argentinians have of the economic, political and social crisis of 2001. This is considered the most profound economic and financial crisis in Argentina´s recent history. After years of economic recession, the crisis was triggered by an economic measure called "corralito," which almost completely froze bank accounts and thereby prevented people from withdrawing their money. Demonstrations and protests followed, which contributed to the resignation of President Fernando de la Rúa after he declared a state of siege. Police action resulted in more than 30 deaths. Institutional and political chaos and a succession of five Presidents in one week followed De la Rúa's resignation. Despite its magnitude, there is not a cultural memory constituted around this event. For example, there are only a few books, films, memorials or monuments on this event, it has received little attention in High School history curricula, and there is not a national commemorative day. That is why it is considered an event around which people have predominantly a communicative memory. Conversely, the 1976 coup d´état and the military dictatorship that followed has led to the development of a cultural memory (for example, there are many books, movies, monuments or memorials, and a national commemorative day). In the present study, participants´ memories about the 2001 crisis are considered. Eighty participants responded to a free-recall task about the crisis. Two groups of forty participants were conformed, one with Lived Semantic Collective Memory and the other with Distant Semantic Collective Memory. At the same time, half of the members of each of these groups were directly affected by the crisis, and the other half was indirectly affected. The political ideology of the participants in terms of right and left is also considered. The dependent variables were the themes or main ideas that constitute the participants recall of the 2001 crisis. Multiple Anova´s were performed. Results showed that participants with Lived Semantic Collective Memories and indirectly affected remembered themes/main ideas which offered information regarding the social and emotional climate of that period or, in the case of those with Lived Semantic Collective Memories, a themes/main idea that assigned responsibilities for the crisis. We found no differences as a function of ideology. But most importantly, results show a predominant lack of differences in the themes/main ideas remembered by different groups. Overall, the recall is mostly composed of themes/main ideas that are mostly descriptive of the different facts that took place during the 2001 crisis. There are no differences for themes/main ideas that offered a more contextualized recall. In general, results are explained in terms of the kind of memories promoted by communicative memories, which are less elaborated, more emotional and composed mostly of facts. In contrast, cultural memories seem to offer a more contextualized version, with causes and consequences that explain the facts.
ABSTRACT
A osteoartrite (OA) é uma doença reumática, degenerativa e progressiva que atinge as articulações sinoviais. Indivíduos com OA apresentam dor, rigidez articular matinal, sinais infl amatórios, crepitações, hipotrofi a muscular e limitações na amplitude de movimento. A fi sioterapia utiliza de recursos terapêuticos, como exercícios, para reduzir os sintomas e melhorar a qualidade de vida do indivíduo com OA. Este trabalho teve por fi nalidade verifi car o efeito da associação de exercícios de fortalecimento, de marcha e de equilíbrio sobre a dor, a amplitude de movimento, o equilíbrio, a qualidade de vida e a capacidade funcional de indivíduos com OA de joelho. Estudo clínico cego, no qual participaram 16 indivíduos com OA de joelho de ambos os gêneros e idade média de 61,38 ±16,10 anos. Os participantes realizaram 12 sessões de fi sioterapia, realizando exercícios de fortalecimento, marcha e equilíbrio. Eles foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento, por meio da escala visual analógica de dor, do questionário Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC), do questionário de qualidade de vida SF-36, da goniometria, teste Timed Up and Go, teste de caminhada rápida de 10 metros, Escala de equilíbrio de Berg e teste de Romberg. Obteve-se diminuição da dor e, melhora da qualidade de vida nos domínios do questionário SF-36: aspectos funcionais, dor, estado geral de saúde e aspectos emocionais. O tratamento também proporcionou aumento da amplitude de movimento em fl exão, melhorou o equilíbrio no teste de Romberg com os olhos fechados e funcionalidade nos domínios rigidez e aspecto funcional do questionário WOMAC. Os exercícios de fortalecimento, marcha e equilíbrio foram capazes de reduzir a dor, melhorar a amplitude de movimento, equilíbrio, funcionalidade e qualidade de vida de pacientes com OA de joelho....(AU)
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a rheumatic, degenerative and progressive disease that aff ects the synovial joints. Individuals with OA experience pain, morning stiff ness, infl ammatory signals, crackles, muscular atrophy and limitations in range of motion. Physical therapy uses therapeutic resources, such as exercise, to reduce symptoms and improve the quality of life of individuals with OA. This study aimed to verify the eff ect of strengthening exercises association, gait and balance on pain, range of motion, balance, quality of life and functional capacity of patients with knee OA. Blind clinical study, which involved 16 subjects with knee OA of both genders, mean age of 61.38 ± 16.10 years. The participants underwent 12 physiotherapy sessions, performing strengthening exercises, gait and balance. They were evaluated before and after treatment by visual analogue pain scale, the questionnaire Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis (WOMAC), the quality of life questionnaire SF-36, goniometry, Timed Up and Go test, test fast walk 10 meters, Berg balance Scale and Romberg test. Obtained decreased pain and improved quality of life in the domains of the SF-36 questionnaire: functional aspects, pain, general health and emotional aspects. The treatment also provided increased range of motion in fl exion, improved balance in the Romberg test with eyes closed and functionality in the areas stiff ness and functional aspect of the WOMAC questionnaire. Strengthening exercises, gait and balance were able to reduce pain, improve range of motion, balance, functionality and quality of life of patients with knee OA....(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Physical Education and Training , Exercise , Physical Therapy Specialty , GaitABSTRACT
El recuerdo del Golpe de Estado de 1976 en Argentina ofrece una oportunidad para estudiar los procesos de formación y composición de la memoria colectiva. En el trabajo que se informa se estudió cómo los contenidos del recuerdo del golpe son afectados por dos factores: las generaciones que lo recuerdan y la ideología política de los participantes. Con este objetivo, se solicitó a 52 participantes argentinos y de ambos sexos que completaran una tarea de Recuerdo Libre entorno a los hechos del Golpe de Estado de 1976. Se dividió la muestra en dos grupos de 26 sujetos, uno estuvo compuesto por personas que vivieron durante esos años (mayores de 48 años) y el otro, por personas de una generación que no vivió aquella época (menores de 30). Se consideró también la ideología política de los participantes (Izquierda o Derecha). Se utilizó un enfoque de análisis descriptivo, centrado en analizar el contenido del recuerdo, considerando qué temas / ideas principales lo conformaban. Los resultados muestran una mayoría de temas comunes al recuerdo de los distintos grupos. Estos elementos comunes conformarían una memoria nacional del golpe. También muestran que la generación y la ideología política promueven temas / ideas principales propios de cada grupo. Aquellos de la generación mayor recordaron más temas / ideas principales de tipo contextual y emocional / afectivo. Los de la generación menor recordaron en mayor medida los hechos acontecidos durante la dictadura. Los sujetos del grupo de Izquierda recordaron temas / ideas principales vinculados a la violencia de Derecha y más aspectos contextuales que los del grupo de Derecha. Se propone que hay un sistema de memoria nacional que operaría en los sujetos y que es afectado por las metas y objetivos de cada grupo.
Argentina, as well as others Latin American countries, lived through a military dictatorship from 1976 to 1983. Because of the magnitude of its consequences, it is a period of the Argentinean history that is still discussed by its citizens and that has a place in the educational curricula of the country now. Moreover, its current importance is evident, for example, as shown in the ongoing trials for the responsibilities of the crimes committed by the militaries so many years ago, and the frequent news of people recovering their stolen identity after being born in captivity during those years and being raised by families that appropriated them. A collective memory of the events taking place over those years is in the process of constitution and development. As people talk about it, as new information is spread on the news, as justice works over those committing the terrible crimes during that period in Argentina, a collective memory of the 1976 coup d’état takes shape. One aim of the present work was to contribute to the study of the collective memory of the coup d´état of 1976 in Argentina. Even though this issue has received attention in previous studies, an empirical approach towards it that focuses on the discourse of the memories of the participants, conforms a new contribution. Another aim of this study was to contribute to the study of collective memory from a psychological perspective. Recalls of the coup d´état of 1976 in Argentina offer one of those opportunities to study the processes of formation and constitution of collective memory. In the present study, we are interested in studying how the contents of the recall of the coup d´état are affected by two specific factors: generations and ideology. Our interest is to study how similar and different are the memories for those events for different generations of citizens. We are basically considering those who lived through those years and those who learned about those same events indirectly, through books, documentary, news, etc. We are also interested in studying how much political ideology can affect the recall of those events. In that, we considered the basic ideological distinction between left and right. The dependent variable was a concrete aspect of the content of the recall: the -mes / main ideas. A total of 52 subjects participated in the study. The sample was divided in two groups, one of which was constituted by subjects who lived-through those years. This was the older generation group. The other group conformed the younger generation and was integrated by subjects that didn’t live through those years because they were not yet born. At the same time, people from the left and right ideologies composed each of these two groups. Participants completed a Free Recall Test, where we asked them to recall all of what they could remember about the events around March 24, 1976. We focused on analyzing the content of there call, considering the themes / main ideas that configured it. There are common elements of the recall that seem to configure a national memory of the coup d´état. However, generations and political ideology promoted themes / main ideas typical of each group. Those of the older generation remembered more contextual and emotional / affective themes / main ideas. Those of the younger generation remembered more facts that took place during the military dictatorship. People with a left wing ideology remembered more themes / main ideas related to the ‘Right wing violence’ and more contextual aspects than those with a right wing ideology. A national memory system that would operate in the citizens and that is affected by the goals of each group is proposed.
ABSTRACT
El estudio realizado indagó el papel que tiene la información complementaria en los procesos de resistencia que participan en el desarrollo de memorias colectivas. Se diseñó un experimento con el fin de evaluar si es posible fortalecer los procesos de resistencia proveyendo a los participantes con información complementaria al material estímulo. El experimento constaba de tres fases: El día 1 escucharon historias (cada sujeto escuchó una versión levemente modificada) y desarrollaron un recuerdo libre, individual y escrito acerca de cada una. El día 2 participaron en un recupero grupal acerca de las historias. El día 3 respondieron a tareas escritas de recuerdo libre y de reconocimiento forzado e indicaron el nivel de confianza en sus respuestas. La calidad de los recuerdos se manipuló al proveer dibujos contextualizantes generales y específicos para el material estímulo. Además se generó una situación de desconfianza en uno de los participantes a fines de evaluar los procesos resistenciales. Los resultados indican que la información complementaria reforzante no tiene una incidencia mayor que la información contextualizante general en los procesos de resistencia. Si la fuente que impone no es confiable y escuchó la información sin dibujo que la acompañe, aumenta el nivel de confianza que el sujeto tiene en su propia respuesta. En cambio, si la fuente recibió la información con un dibujo acompañante, el nivel de confianza en la respuesta dada se mantiene igual, tanto si la fuente es confiable como si no lo es.
This study focuses on the resistance processes involved in the development of collective memories. It is part of a series of studies that consider conversational dynamics as a factor in the development of these memories. Previous studies have shown how conversation participates in the development and the shaping of collective memories. Recall of the past has shown to be very structured according to different roles: those of Narrator, Mentor and Monitor. Narrators, those subjects in a group recall who do most of the telling of the past, proved to be very effective in imposing their version of the past onto other members of the group. This fact would explain one of the ways memory converge and how collective memories are formed. When a group of subjects recall together the past, some of the processes involved are those of resistance and appropriation. In conversational recalls, participants have resisted the rendering of the past of some members and appropriated those of others. There are several studies that consider how different factors -psychological as well as social- have an impact on the formation of collective memories through conversation. These studies have shown how the quality of the memories affects the levels of resistance, as well as the dynamics of the conversation. Another factor that has had an impact on resistance and appropriation processes is trust. Entrusted subjects can be resisted in a group recall under certain circumstances. Finally, discussions about disagreements of the past, as they happen during a conversational recall of the past, have also proven to be an important factor that has had an effect on resistance levels. In this experimental study we investigated how complementary information may play a role on resistance processes. The study was designed in order to find out whether it is possible to reinforce resistance by providing the subjects with information that complements the stimuli material. It took place on three consecutive days. The sample was composed of 80 participants that conformed 20 groups of four subjects each. On the first day, subjects listened to some stories (each one heard a slightly different version), then they were exposed to a distracter, and then responded to a free recall task. On the second day, subjects were assembled around a table and asked to recall the stories together. Before the recall, a warning was provided over one of the subjects, who was not aware of the situation. Finally, on the third day, they completed a free recall and a forced recognition task remembering the stories as they heard them on the first day. In order to evaluate their confidence on the response, subjects had also to indicate how confidence they were in a 1 to 6 Lickert scale. By providing the subjects with specific and general contextual drawings together with the stimuli material, we manipulated the quality of the memories. Subjects with a contextual drawing would be able to form better memories of the stories, thus, more resistance to imposition. Would a specific drawing generate even more resistant memories? The mistrust situation generated on day 2 would allow enquiring on resistance processes. The findings indicate that reinforcing complementary information has no major incidence on resistance processes than general contextualizing information. Results on recognition have shown that. On the other hand, confidence rating analysis show that if the source imposing its version is not trusted and heard the story without complementary information, subjects tend to trust more on their own answers. Also, if the source imposing its version was provided with complementary information, subjects' confidence on their own answers remains the same whether the source is trusted or not.
ABSTRACT
La presente investigación indaga el papel que tiene la discusión del pasado en los procesos de resistencia que participan en el desarrollo de memorias colectivas. Al recordar el pasado en un contexto grupal, suceden dos cosas: 1) algunos participantes tienen memorias más coherentes y elaboradas que otros; 2) hay distintos roles conversacionales que asumen los participantes. Considerando el primero de estos factores, e interesados en evaluar de qué manera la ausencia o presencia de discusión sobre el pasado contribuye a los procesos de resistencia, se diseñó un experimento a tal fin. El experimento se realizó en tres días consecutivos. Se conformaron grupos de 4 individuos. Durante el primer día, los participantes respondieron a una tarea de recobro libre. En el segundo día, participaron en un recobro grupal del material. Finalmente, durante el tercer día, respondieron a una tarea de recobro libre y a una tarea de reconocimiento forzada. Se manipuló la calidad de los recuerdos, proveyendo un dibujo contextualizante para el material estímulo. A fines de indagar sobre los procesos de resistencia se generó una situación de desconfianza sobre uno de los participantes. Los resultados muestran tres niveles distintos de resistencia en función de haber participado activamente en una discusión, de haber presenciado una discusión, o de no haber discutido durante el recobro del material.
Subject(s)
Humans , Memory , Psychology, Social , Communication , Mental Recall , Recognition, PsychologyABSTRACT
Este trabajo indaga acerca de la relación entre marcos teóricos y práctica clínica en las provincias de Santa Fé, Buenos Aires y Chubut. Un total de 250 psicoterapeutas fueron encuestados en las ciudades de Rosario, Olavarria, Bahía Blanca, Rawson, Trelew, Comodoro Rivadavia y en Puerto Madryn. El 51,6 por ciento de los psicoterapeutas eligió como marco teórico para su práctica clínica la teoría psicoanalítica. El 40,8 por ciento reportó integrar distintas teorías, conformando el segundo grupo en importancia. Dentro del grupo de psicoterapeutas que integran teorías, el psicoanálisis fue mencionado por el 62 por ciento como la teoría base o principal, seguida por la teoría cognitiva con el 14,6 por ciento. Estos resultados dan cuenta de la importancia del psicoanálisis y la tendencia a la integración en la práctica psicoterapéutica en Argentina.
Subject(s)
Psychotherapy/methods , Argentina , PsychoanalysisABSTRACT
En la actualidad no se conocen datos certeros de la relación que existe entre modelos teóricos y práctica psicoterapéutica, en Argentina. El presente es un estudio preliminar que indaga acerca de la relación práctica clínica - modelo de referencia teórico, entre psicólogos y psiquiatras del país. El mismo ha sido realizado en base a una encuesta administrada a 100 profesionales de servicios de Hospitales Públicos de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.
Subject(s)
Humans , Argentina , Models, Theoretical , PsychotherapyABSTRACT
Toda experiencia es filtrada y significada a través de un "decodificador", y que contiene representaciones acerca del sí mismo y los otros. Ese grupo de representaciones determinará el significado de cada experiencia. A su vez cada patrón relacional contiene diferentes representaciones del sí mismo, los otros y la relación con esos otros...