Contribution of different global varieties of cotton towards water hardness in textile wet processing

Specimens of nineteen different global varieties of cotton were studied to determine their contribution to water hardness through calcium and magnesium impurities, resulting in various problems during textile pretreatment, colouration and finishing. Pakistani cotton was found to be the second most contaminated cotton in terms of calcium and magnesium impurities, whereas Elisa variety from Uzbekistan was the cleanest

Pattern of drug resistance in tuberculosis

To estimate drug resistance in TB patients and compare it with previous studies to see the changing trends. This work was done at the TB Research center of Pakistan Medical Research Centre at Mayo hospital Lahore from 2000 to 2003. The center receives specimens from all the leading hospitals of Lahore. Five first line anti tuberculosis drugs were tested on LJ medium using proportion method. A total of 894 confirmed isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [759 pulmonary and 135 extra pulmonary] from 894 patients, with and without history of previous treatment, were subjected to drug susceptibility testing about 50% of the patients had some resistance. Multiple drug resistance [MDR] was found in 12% and 23% without and with history of previous treatment respectively. Overall resistance to rifampicin was 28.6%, isoniazid 25.6%, streptomycin 23.8%, ethambutol 14.5%, and pyrazinamide 29.3%. Statistically significant difference was seen between primary and acquired resistances. Results when compared with the previous studies from the same area showed a gradual increase in drug resistance. Resistance to anti tuberculosis drugs in Lahore is high and needs to be addressed in the national tuberculosis control program and in the implementation of DOTS program in the country

Atrial fibrillation in mitral stenosis and its correlation with left atrial size, mitral valve area and left atrial thrombus

Chronic rheumatic heart disease is the commonest cause of mitral stenosis. Incidence of rheumatic MS parallels that of acute rheumatic fever. Atrial fibrillation usually develops in the presence of pre-existing ECG evidence of left atrial enlargement and is related to the size of the chamber, the extent of fibrosis of the left atrial myocardium, the duration of the atriomegaly and the age of the patient. The tendency for development of systemic embolization correlates directly with the patient's age and the size of the left atrial appendages and inversely with the cardiac output. Eighty percent of the patients of MS in whom systemic emboli develop are in atrial fibrillation. A descriptive study was designed in the Department of Medicine, K E Medical College / Mayo Hospital and Punjab Institute of Cardiology, Lahore. A total of 129 conservative cases of mitral stenosis were included in this study, based upon convenient patient sampling. A total of 112 patients were followed up properly, the remaining 17 were lost to follow. The results showed left atrial size and MVA have an inverse correlation [p = 0.017]. LAT has a strong association with AF in cases of MS [p = 0.002]. The severity of MS does not influence the frequency of AF [p = 0.24]. It was thus concluded that left atrial size and MVA have an inverse correlation [p = 0.017]. LAT has a strong association with AF in cases of MS [p = 0.002]. The severity of MS does not influence the frequency of AF [p = 0.24]

Mortality review of diabetic ketoacidosis in mayo hospital, Lahore - Pakistan

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a known complication of diabetes mellitus. The annual incidence of diabetic ketoacidosis [DKA] among subjects with type 1 diabetes is between 1% and 5% in European and American series respectively. This incidence appears to have remained relatively constant over the last decade in western countries whereas 20-30% of cases occur in newly diagnosed patients. Mortality rate is reported less than 5% in experienced centres whereas internationally overall mortality is 1-10 percent. The objective of this study was to find out mortality rate in patients of diabetic ketoacidosis admitted to east medical ward of Mayo Hospital, Lahore. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted on patients admitted to East medical ward with the diagnosis of DKA. There were 44 patients included in this study. Regarding outcome of patients 84.1% of patients were discharged. The mortality was found to be 15.9% that is much higher as compared to other studies where it was around 5%