ABSTRACT
Foot-and-mouth disease virus is a positive stand RNA virus that causes an acute vesicular disease of bovid wild and domesticated ruminants. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) comprises of 7 antigenically distinct serotypes (Type O, A, Asia 1, C and SAT1-3) that do not provide cross-protection against one another. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a pandemic disease, accounting for a global loss of 6.5-21 billion US$ per annum. The present investigation aimed at the comparison of FMDV in Bangladesh with that of circulatory types in Asian continent. Categorization, estimation and demography of FMD in Asia continent are analyzed. Comparative genome and phylogeography of the FMDV in Asia is discussed. Three serotypes of FMDV are circulating in Asian territory, including mainland Southeast Asia, South Asia and Middle East with predominance of type O, whereas Serotype A and Asia1 are found to be confined to certain geographical regions. Cattle are most susceptible to FMD, whereas Pig serves as mixing vessel that may boost the emergence and re-emergence episode of several lineages/genotypes. Whole Genome and phylogeography analysis revealed that the transboundary movement of FMDVs are responsible for spreading of this disease in Asian regions. In 2013-2015, Saudi Arabia experienced the emergence of Ind-2001 lineage under Middle East South Asia (ME-SA) topotype of FMDV type O and Genotype VII of FMDV type A, which is normally endemic in the Indian subcontinent. Intrusion of type SAT1-3 in Arabian Peninsula occurred due to transboundary animal movement from FMDV enzootic African countries. Transboundary movement of FMDV, inappropriate vaccination and inadequate awareness are the main reasons for FMD spread in most of the Asian Countries.
ABSTRACT
The microbial community on a host relies on its immune status and pathophysiological condition. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with a 25% increased risk of developing foot infection. The pathophysiological differences between diabetic foot infection [DPI] and non-DFI patients may alter the microbial composition in infections. The present study aims to comparatively analyze the microbes colonized in DPI and non-DFI patients in Bangladesh. Pus specimens were collected from 67 DPI and 12 non-DFI patients to investigate the bacteria associated with foot infection. For this investigation, an array of microbiological, molecular biological and immunological approaches were performed. Common bacteria detected in both DFI/non-DFI samples were Pseudomonas spp. [22/29%], Bacillus spp. [12/3%], Enterobacter spp. [22/7%], Staphylococcus spp. [13/13%] and Acinetobacter spp. [10/10%]. Enterococcus spp. [9%] and Klebsiella spp. [8%] occurred only in DFI patients, whereas Citrobacter spp. [29%] was only detected in non-DFI samples. The rate of occurrence of three organisms, namely, Enterococcus spp. |Z| =2.2125, Klebsiella spp. |Z| = 1.732, Bacillus spp. |Z| = 1.9034, were also statistically significant. Most of the isolates from DFI patients were commonly resistant to the cephalosporin [Ceftazidime, Ceftriazone, Cefurozime] and monobactam [Aztreonam] groups of antibiotics. DFI patients had comparatively higher C-reactive protein [CRP] levels than non-DFI patients, and a positive correlation was observed between multi-antibiotic resistance and CRP levels [one of the markers of chronic subclinical inflammation]. The present investigation implicated a complex association of the bacterial population in DPI compared with non-DFI with different antimicrobial resistance properties, which was linked with CRP levels