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1.
Acta bioeth ; 23(2): 327-339, jul. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-886033

ABSTRACT

Abstract: The arguments set forth by religious authority are important since it play a crucial role in shaping the social values of the public and influence the decision of individuals in the practice pertaining to bioethical issues. The Religious Affairs Administration (RAA) was established at the inception of the Republic of Turkey in 1924 to guide religious considerations moving out of the Ottoman caliphate to a secular bioethical framework. In this article, the bioethical views of the RAA under Islamic tradition is examined and contrasted with those influenced by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Judaic traditions. On bioethical deliberations related to the beginning and end-of-life, all three religious traditions justify sacredness of life and that of God's will in preservation it. Assisted reproduction techniques between spouses is considered to be appropriate, although third party involvement is explicitly forbidden. Organ transplantation is approved by all three religious traditions, except uterine transplantation. The contraceptive practices are approved under certain conditions - the views differ most on approaches to contraception and the appropriateness of methods. The RAA has judgement on cloning is to prohibit it, like Roman Catholicism and Orthodox Judaism. In other topics, cosmetic surgery and gender determination are approved only for treatment.


Resumen: Los argumentos expuestos por autoridades religiosas son importantes ya que juegan un rol crucial en la formación de valores sociales de las personas e influyen en las decisiones individuales en la práctica en temas bioéticos. La Administración de Asuntos Religiosos (AAR) se estableció en el inicio de la República de Turquía en 1924 para guiar consideraciones religiosas desde el califato Otomano hacia una estructura bioética secular. En este artículo, se examinan los puntos de vista bioéticos de la AAR bajo la tradición islámica y se contrasta con aquellos de la tradición Católica Romana y la Judía Ortodoxa. En la deliberación bioética sobre el comienzo y el final de la vida, las tres tradiciones religiosas justifican que la vida es sagrada y que es la voluntad de Dios preservarla. La reproducción asistida entre esposos es considerado apropiada, aunque la participación de un tercero es explícitamente prohibido. Las tres tradiciones religiosas aprueban el trasplante de órganos, excepto el trasplante de útero. Las prácticas anticonceptivas se aprueban bajo ciertas condiciones -los puntos de vista difieren en su mayor parte en la forma de aproximarse y en la propiedad de los métodos. AAR juzga la clonación y la prohíbe, así como el Catolicismo Romano y el Judaísmo Ortodoxo. En otros temas, la cirugía cosmética y la determinación de género se aprueban solo para tratamiento.


Resumo: Os argumentos estabelecidos por autoridades religiosas são importantes uma vez que eles desempenham um papel crucial na formação de valores sociais na população e influenciam a decisão dos indivíduos na prática referentes às questões de bioéticas. A Administração de Assuntos Religiosos (AAR) foi criada na concepção da República da Turquia em 1924 para guiar considerações religiosas, deslocando-se do califado otomano para uma estrutura bioética secular. Neste artigo, as perspectivas bioéticas da RAA sob tradição islâmica são examinadas e contrastadas com aquelas sob influência da Igreja Católica e de tradições judaicas ortodoxas. Sobre deliberações bioéticas relacionadas com o início e o fim da vida, todas as três tradições religiosas justificam a sacralidade da vida e que a vontade de Deus está em sua preservação. Técnicas de reprodução assistida entre cônjuges são consideradas adequadas, embora o envolvimento de terceiros é explicitamente proibido. Transplantação de órgãos é aprovada por todas as três tradições religiosas, exceto transplante uterino. As práticas contraceptivas são aprovadas sob certas condições - os pontos de vista diferem em abordagens sobre a contracepção e a adequação dos métodos. A decisão da AAR a respeito da clonagem é a sua proibição, assim como no catolicismo romano e no judaísmo ortodoxo. Em outros tópicos, cirurgia plástica e a determinação de gênero são aprovadas somente para tratamento.


Subject(s)
Humans , Catholicism , Judaism , Turkey , Bioethics
2.
S. Afr. j. psychiatry (Online) ; 17(4): 118-120, 2011.
Article in English | AIM | ID: biblio-1270823

ABSTRACT

Objectives. Characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in Africa are not known because of unavailability of large-scale epidemiological studies in this region. This review explored the age at first presentation to orthodox clinical practice of African children with ASDs and their expressive language ability at presentation. Methods. A literature search of case series and case reports of ASDs from Africa was done through PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, African Journals Online (AJOL), and archives of the Nigerian Journal of Psychiatry. Six articles included content relating to age of the child at first presentation to orthodox clinical practice and symptoms at presentation related to expressive language ability and therefore fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Suggestions are made to explain the observations emanating from the review. Results. An excess of non-verbal over verbal cases of ASDs have been presenting to orthodox clinical practice and there is a common denominator of late presentation/diagnosis and in turn late intervention, with most cases presenting for the first time well above 8 years of age. Attempts to explain these observations included low levels of knowledge and awareness about ASDs in Africa, problems with help-seeking behaviour, and lack of mental healthcare facilities and trained personnel. nclusions. Enhancement of processes directed at ensuring early diagnosis and interventions, especially interventions aimed at improving speech and language development well and sufficiently early, may bring about a shift in the trend of excess non-verbal cases of ASDs over verbal cases presenting to orthodox clinical practice


Subject(s)
Child Development Disorders, Pervasive , Delayed Diagnosis , Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures , Disabled Children , Language Development Disorders , Language Disorders , Language Therapy , Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms
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