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Abstract@#Trees and shrubs of the genus <i>Betula</i> (Betulaceae) inhabit various ecosystems in temperate and boreal climate zones of the northern hemisphere. The healing properties of <i>Betula</i> bark and bark extracts have been known for a long time in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. Several species of <i>Betula</i> have traditionally been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis. The purpose of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized information on the botany, traditional uses and phytochemical research of <i>Betula</i> species in order to explore their therapeutic potential and evaluate future research opportunities.
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Abstract@#The birch leaves were used as a substitute for birch bark, buds and chaga of birch in traditional medicine because the birch leaves are considered to be less toxic. Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on <i>B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.Rezniczenkoana (Litv) </i> Schischk, <i>B.humilis</i> Schrank, and <i>B.mandshurica</i> Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-yeast, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, liver protective and bile secretion induction properties. The studies conducted on animals with diseases showed that the birch leaves had anti-inflammatory properties on the gastric mucosa during acute stress, as well as anti-biliary and giardiasis. The birch leaf phytopreparations experimentations used on animals showed reduced peripheral tissue insulin resistance and lowered blood sugar. Mongolian traditional medicinal journals noted that the birch barks are used to treat inflammatory acute diseases. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effects of two species of birch leaves on blood sugar and antioxidant activities in diabetes-induced rats.@*The study materials and methods@#The study was conducted in the Pharmacology Research Laboratory of the Monos Group’s Institute of Pharmacology. 40 WISTAR, non-linear white rats weighing 150-204 g were used in the experiments. Dry extract of birch leaves of the two species (Alloxan monohydrate Tokyo Chemical Industry LTD), IGM-100 3A blood glucose meter (Blood glucose test meter, Infopia LTD, Brussels Belgium) and sugar test (Blood glucose test strip only, province, China) were used for the experiment. Lenzen’s (2008) method was used to induce Alloxan diabetes in the rats and the antioxidant properties were determined by the antioxidant activity kit (Rat Malondialchehyche Elisa KIT, cat. № EKRAT- 0266, Jilin).@*Study Result@#The blood glucose level of the control group with diabetes lowered from 31.5 mmol/l to 17.1 mmol/l in 14 days. As for the <i>B.platyphylla</i> Sukacz group, the blood glucose level reduced to 6.3 mmol/l and the <i>B.hippolytii. </i> Sukacz group’s blood glucose level reduced to 6.9 mmol/l in 14 days.</br> The study results showed that <i>B.hippolytii </i>Sukacz birch leaves and <i>B.platyphilla</i> Sukacz birch leaves’ extracts reduced the maximum level of MDA dilution (4.8 nmol/ml) of B.hippolytii Sukacz and B.platyphilla Sukacz groups by 33.9% and 53.5% respectively. This suggests that the birch leaves had antioxidant effect.@*Conclusion@#<i>B.hippolytii </i>Sukacz birch leaves and <i>B. platyphilla </i> (Sukacz) birch leaves lowered the blood glucose level and had antioxidant properties on diabetes.
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Abstract@#Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on <i>B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.rezniczenkoana (Litv) </i> Schischk, <i>B.humilis</i> Schrank, <i>B.mandshurica</i> Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-fungi, antibac- terial and anti-inflammatory properties, protect liver and promote bile secretion. Flat leaved birch (<i>B.platyphylla</i> Sukacz) cortex contains betulin and lupeol of triterpenoids and it’s leaves contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds. The amounts of compounds found in the cortex are smaller than leaves. Specifically, the amount of flavonoid in leaves is more contained than the that of cortex and leaf buds. In any pharmacology study of new medicines, determination and evaluation of toxicity is the first priority. According to scientific evidences that birch leaves are considered to have less toxins. Not many studies have been conducted on determining toxicity of birch leaves in Mongolia. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the species of birches, hippolytii birch (<i>B.hippolytii. </i> Sukacz) and flat leaved birch (<i>B.platyphylla. </i> Sukacz), that were noted to have medical properties in traditional medications and identify their acute toxicity using dry extract and determine mortality dosage (LD<sub>50</sub>) on animals.@*Research materials and methods@#Evaluation of the acute toxicity of birch leaves was conducted in Pharmacology laboratory of Monos group’s Drug Research Institute between June 19, 2020 and August 10. In this research, 150-204 g of WISTAR breed non-linear 44 white rats were used and 20 g of <i>B.Hippolytii’</i>s dry extract and 20 g of B. <i>Platyphylla</i> ‘s dry extract were injected.</br> The experiments to determine the toxicity of dry extracts of <i>B. hippolytii</i> and <i>B. platyphylla</i> (LD<sub>50</sub>) were conducted according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method and subcutaneous injects were per formed in the pelvic area of the rats. @*Results of determining acute toxicity level@#The experiments to determine the acute toxicity level of the birch’s dry extracts followed Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method with 2-stage. LD<sub>50</sub> level was determined from the first stage of the research using G.N.Pirshen’s method and the toxicity level was identified using K.K.Sidorov’s toxicity categorization.</br> From the acute toxicity research, no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), animal daily dosage and human daily dosage (experimental) were determined. LD<sub>50</sub> 2950 mg/kg was determined as a result of acute toxicity research of B.hippolytii and B.platyphilla leaves’ dry extract.
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Introduction@#Bragshun has been used in Traditional Mongolian Medicine since the early times. It is called the Black Gold in Mongolia as well as other countries of the world. The bragshun has been the essential and unique raw materials in the treatment of Traditional Medicine which is gradually formed under the impact of the various extreme natural conditions such as sharp continental climate, strong winds, sun shine, hot and cold temperatures. The formation process takes hundreds of years, so bragshun is considered non-renewable natural resources.@*Goals@#The purpose of the study is to sum up the ideas of research articles and books about distribution, origin and chemical compounds of bragshun, also it's usage in the traditional and modern medicine.@*Study materials@#The books about bragshun and research articles for its chemical compounds were studied and compared in this study.@*Result@#Bragshun is commonly appeared all over the world, so it has in different names in different countries. Bragshun is named "mountain tar" by the Mongolians, its English name is "mineral pitch", Tibetians call it brag-shun, in the Latin is Asphaltum punjiabianut, and also has other names like tasmanyi, mumlai, Shilajit, moomiy. In the Mongolian traditional medicinal books we can see the <i>Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards</i> and it is noted as a red foot mouse dried noodles. Many assumptions have been made regarding geological, biological and botanical origin of the bragshuns. The study result that the chemical compounds of bragshun is mixture of minerals and organic substances in which the content of the minerals is 20-40% or more, trace elements up to 5% and organic substances 60-80%. The ion organic part of the bragshun contains minerals 30%of the total mass, in which tree elements: potassium, calcium, and magnesium take 20% of the total minerals being a main treatment factor of the bragshun. The refined bragshun includes high content of potassium and does not have side effect for the human body. Organic compounds in bragshun are still understudied, however, it is determined that it contains more than 20 biologically active substances called humic substances. The humic acid consists of humic acid and fulvic acid. The combination of these acids has strong antioxidant activites to reduce free radicals. The color of bragshun depends on the amount and ratio of fulvic acid and humic acid. Humic acid transfer the badly soluble salt to soluble form and gives it to the plant to accelerate its growth and also influences oxidative reactions in the cells. In Mongolian traditional medicine the boiled down extract of bragshun is used for the treatment of liver, stomach, kidney, eye disease and toxicity diseases. Bragshun is included in the prescription recipe in traditional medicine, such as Bragshun-5, brag of bragshun is used for the treatment of liver, stomach, kidney, eye disease and toxicity diseases. Bragshun is included in the prescription recipe in traditional medicine, such as Bragshun-5, bragshun-9, Stomach-7, kidney-7, ar-ur-18, liver chin tan.@*Conclusion@#Since the organic part of the bragshun has so complex structure and the research has not been completed fully, we have still not been able to get preparation treatment for drug form yet. However, antioxidant activites of bragshun are determined by the studies, nowadays refined bragshun is used widely as biological food supplement. In the traditional medicine it is commonly used for the treatment of liver and kidney diseases.
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Introduction: The Vaccinum vitis is widely used in traditional medicine in the treatment of kidney disorders and diuretics, but contemporary medicine practices its decoction more for the treatment of respiratory disease. The study showed that hydroquinone in Vaccinum vitis which is formed by decomposition of arbutin performs antiseptic effects for respiratory system and urinary track. Vaccinum vitis contains 8-12% of arbutin and metilarbutin, flavonoids such as, vaccinin, hydroquenone, quiercetin, isoquircitrin, rutin, abicularin and piperin.[3.4]This study was conducted to get active substances in the form of drugs through extraction of active compounds in the tinction of spirit and other extragents since the decoction of Vaccinum vitis cannot be stored longer.Objectives of the study: To determine biologicallyactive compounds in the decoction and tinctures.Materials and methods used in the study: The study was conducted in the pharmachemistry laboratory at Monos university in April, 2013. In the process of the study, the decoction of vaccinum vitis and 40% and 70%- tinctures were prepared and the quality and quantity of the content, dense, arbutin and tannin were studied in accordance with corresponding standards.The result of the study: The raw materials in proportion of 1:10 were prepared to make decoction in accordance with corresponding technology. Similarly, tinctures were prepared in above mentioned proportion by the method of maceration. The newly created tinctures were from red brown to dark brown in color, with not to strong spirit odor.The aerometer measurement indicated that density of 70% tincture was 0.910 g/ml, and density of 40% tincture was 0.967 g/ml, Light refracture was measured by the refractometer to determine spirit volume. The result showed that in the 70% -tincture there was 1.3670 of light refracture and the spirit amount was 62.88%, while 40%- tincture had 1.3602 light refracture and the spirit amount was 36.4%. When the reaction of identification of tannin and arbutin were experimented we got complete identification reactions of arbutin and tannin.That arbutin’s amount in decoction was 0.110+0.005 and tannins amount was 0.0713±0.0003 in 70% tinctures shows the arbutins amount was 0.284+0.003 and tannins amount was 0.13+0.005 and in 40%-tincture the arbutins was 0.147+0.006 and the tannins was 0.147+0.006.Conclusion1. As a result of the study there are 0.110g of arbutin in the decoction and 0.07g of tannin.2. The tannin’s amount in the tinctures is higher and the quantity of arbutin is higher in the decoction as compared the quantity of arbutin and tannin in the tinctures with the amount that is in the decoction.References1. “монгол улсûн үндэсний фармакопей” анхдугаар хэвлэл уБ 2011 он2. Биндэрьяа.м., мөнхчулуун. м., гарамжав.а., “Эмийн ургамлаас биологийн идэвхт бодис ялгах аргачлал” “шидэт өнгө” ххК х/х 26. уБ 2011он.3. сансархуяг. Э., “Бөөр хамгаалах үйлдэлтэй ургамлуудûн фитохимийн судалгаа” эмзүйн ухаанû магистрийн зэрэг горилсон нэг сэдэвт бүтээл уБ 2011 он4. сосорбурам.Б, нарангэрэл.Б, болон бусад “алирснû навч, тэхийн шээг, хуурмаг булчирхайт ортууз, ургамлуудûн фармакологийн судалгаанû дүнгээс” “Эрдмийн бичиг 2012” Эрдэм шинжилгээний хурлûн эмхэтгэл 35-36 р хуудас5. хос шивүүрт улаагана монгол улсûн стандарт MNS 4166:19936. ладûгина Е.а., сафранович л.н., отряшенкова в.Э., и др “химический анализ лекарственних растений” издательство “вûсшая школа” москва 1983