ABSTRACT
Abstract@#The birch leaves were used as a substitute for birch bark, buds and chaga of birch in traditional medicine because the birch leaves are considered to be less toxic. Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on <i>B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.Rezniczenkoana (Litv) </i> Schischk, <i>B.humilis</i> Schrank, and <i>B.mandshurica</i> Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-yeast, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, liver protective and bile secretion induction properties. The studies conducted on animals with diseases showed that the birch leaves had anti-inflammatory properties on the gastric mucosa during acute stress, as well as anti-biliary and giardiasis. The birch leaf phytopreparations experimentations used on animals showed reduced peripheral tissue insulin resistance and lowered blood sugar. Mongolian traditional medicinal journals noted that the birch barks are used to treat inflammatory acute diseases. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the effects of two species of birch leaves on blood sugar and antioxidant activities in diabetes-induced rats.@*The study materials and methods@#The study was conducted in the Pharmacology Research Laboratory of the Monos Group’s Institute of Pharmacology. 40 WISTAR, non-linear white rats weighing 150-204 g were used in the experiments. Dry extract of birch leaves of the two species (Alloxan monohydrate Tokyo Chemical Industry LTD), IGM-100 3A blood glucose meter (Blood glucose test meter, Infopia LTD, Brussels Belgium) and sugar test (Blood glucose test strip only, province, China) were used for the experiment. Lenzen’s (2008) method was used to induce Alloxan diabetes in the rats and the antioxidant properties were determined by the antioxidant activity kit (Rat Malondialchehyche Elisa KIT, cat. № EKRAT- 0266, Jilin).@*Study Result@#The blood glucose level of the control group with diabetes lowered from 31.5 mmol/l to 17.1 mmol/l in 14 days. As for the <i>B.platyphylla</i> Sukacz group, the blood glucose level reduced to 6.3 mmol/l and the <i>B.hippolytii. </i> Sukacz group’s blood glucose level reduced to 6.9 mmol/l in 14 days.</br> The study results showed that <i>B.hippolytii </i>Sukacz birch leaves and <i>B.platyphilla</i> Sukacz birch leaves’ extracts reduced the maximum level of MDA dilution (4.8 nmol/ml) of B.hippolytii Sukacz and B.platyphilla Sukacz groups by 33.9% and 53.5% respectively. This suggests that the birch leaves had antioxidant effect.@*Conclusion@#<i>B.hippolytii </i>Sukacz birch leaves and <i>B. platyphilla </i> (Sukacz) birch leaves lowered the blood glucose level and had antioxidant properties on diabetes.
ABSTRACT
Abstract@#Numerous researches conducted in Russia, Bulgaria, Japan, and China on <i>B.pubescens, B. pendula, B.rezniczenkoana (Litv) </i> Schischk, <i>B.humilis</i> Schrank, <i>B.mandshurica</i> Rgl Nakai found that birch barks and leaves contain antioxidants and they have anti-cancer, anti-fungi, antibac- terial and anti-inflammatory properties, protect liver and promote bile secretion. Flat leaved birch (<i>B.platyphylla</i> Sukacz) cortex contains betulin and lupeol of triterpenoids and it’s leaves contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds. The amounts of compounds found in the cortex are smaller than leaves. Specifically, the amount of flavonoid in leaves is more contained than the that of cortex and leaf buds. In any pharmacology study of new medicines, determination and evaluation of toxicity is the first priority. According to scientific evidences that birch leaves are considered to have less toxins. Not many studies have been conducted on determining toxicity of birch leaves in Mongolia. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the species of birches, hippolytii birch (<i>B.hippolytii. </i> Sukacz) and flat leaved birch (<i>B.platyphylla. </i> Sukacz), that were noted to have medical properties in traditional medications and identify their acute toxicity using dry extract and determine mortality dosage (LD<sub>50</sub>) on animals.@*Research materials and methods@#Evaluation of the acute toxicity of birch leaves was conducted in Pharmacology laboratory of Monos group’s Drug Research Institute between June 19, 2020 and August 10. In this research, 150-204 g of WISTAR breed non-linear 44 white rats were used and 20 g of <i>B.Hippolytii’</i>s dry extract and 20 g of B. <i>Platyphylla</i> ‘s dry extract were injected.</br> The experiments to determine the toxicity of dry extracts of <i>B. hippolytii</i> and <i>B. platyphylla</i> (LD<sub>50</sub>) were conducted according to Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method and subcutaneous injects were per formed in the pelvic area of the rats. @*Results of determining acute toxicity level@#The experiments to determine the acute toxicity level of the birch’s dry extracts followed Litchfield and Wilcoxon’s method with 2-stage. LD<sub>50</sub> level was determined from the first stage of the research using G.N.Pirshen’s method and the toxicity level was identified using K.K.Sidorov’s toxicity categorization.</br> From the acute toxicity research, no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), animal daily dosage and human daily dosage (experimental) were determined. LD<sub>50</sub> 2950 mg/kg was determined as a result of acute toxicity research of B.hippolytii and B.platyphilla leaves’ dry extract.
ABSTRACT
The dichloromethane fraction from the ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Taraxacum offi cinale showed a good inhibitory effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCC). As a result of a series of column chromatographies and usage of nuclear magnetic resonances spectrometric methods and mass spectroscopy 9 known components as taraxasterol (1), taraxasterylacetate (2),pseudotaraxasterol (3), lupeolacetate (4), b-sitosterol (5), b-sitosterylglucopyranose (6), palmitic acid (7), monopalmitin (8) and chrysoerol (9) have been determined. Amongst them palmitic acid, monopalmitin and chrysoeriol have been determined for the fi rst time in the aerial parts of Taraxacum offi cinale. Six compounds as 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 were tested for their inhibitory activity on HCC and only palmitic acid exhibited more activity against HCC than others, suppressing cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and activated cell apoptosis.Keywords: Triterpenol and sterol derivatives; palmitic acid; hepatocellular carcinoma inhibition activity;IntroductionTaraxacum, commonly called dandelion, is a large genus of fl owering plants in the Asteraceae family. The latin name Taraxacum is from the Greek and means “disease remedy”, while the English name dandelion is originated from the French dent de leon, meaning “lion’s tooth”1. The Mongolian well-recognised name is “baaban beeben”, while in Japan it calls hokouei, respectively. Consequently, Taraxacum is widespread plant throughout the world, in particular, 19 species are found in the Mongolian fl ora2. Generally Taraxacum is considered weedy plant used as a medicinal herb and for food preparation. Traditionally, Taraxacum offi cinale Weber ex Wigg. in Mongolian and Tibetan medicine under the name “khurmong” the root has been used as the composition in a remedy for jaundice and other disorders of the liver and gallbladder, whilethe leaf is used as a diuretic and bitter digestive stimulant. Moreover, fresh dandelion stem latex is used for the warts treatment1,3-6. Taraxacum leaf is included as a medicinal drug in Herbal Pharmacopeia of several European countries. Numerous biological activity tests resulted that Taraxacum possessed an infl ammation modulating activity7-9, diuretic activity comparable to furosemide10, digestive stimulant, appetitive effect and activator for bile fl ow11-12, hypoglycemic activity13 and antitumor activity14. No side effects and carcinogenicity of T. offi cinale extracts and preparations have been noticed. Chemical constituents of T. offi cinale arewell studied. Scientists of different countries reported that whole plant T. offi cinale containedabundance of bitter principles as terpenoids and sterols, bile like terpenes and sterols, various fl avonoids and phenolic acids, large amount of polysaccharides as inulin and fructosans11,15-17.Also, dandelion is a rich in minerals such as iron, potassium and zinc18,19. In this work we are describing activity-guided isolation and the molecular structure elucidation of components from the dichloromethane fraction of the aerial parts of T. offi cinale, from the Mongolian fl ora.