Protein content of some available breads for sale at Rawalpindi and Islamabad

Sixty three samples of six brands of commercially available breads and different bakery breads sold in Rawalpindi and Islamabad were analyzed for their content of protein. The samples consisted of plain bread and milk bread. It was found that commercially available breads had higher content of proteins except in one brand where milk protein had a lower protein content as compared to the plain bread. Bakery prepared breads had wide fluctuations in their protein content

Chronic rheumatic endocarditis an echocardiographic study

Chronic rheumatic endocarditis [CRE] is a major problem especially in the under developed countries'. The prevalence rate in India is about 6.4 per 1000 rural population and increases with age upto 25 years. While it has been predominantly eradicated from the west it is a common complication of rheumatic fever [RF] and the leading cause of cardiac death in the young population in the underdeveloped countries. Bland and Jones showed that following acute rheumatic fever after 20 years 45% had evidence of CRE. About 3-5% of patients with group-A beta hemolytic streptococci develop RF but the incidence increases to about 50% in the first year following the initial attack of RF and falls quite steeply reaching a plateau at 10% after 4 or 5 years. Widespread use of echocardiography and Doppler flow studies have highlighted this problem and enabled an early and accurate anatomical diagnosis. The incidence of various valvular involvement in patients with CRE presenting with cardiac murmurs is presented

Prevalence of micralbuminuria in diabetics

Our study of 500 patients screened for microalbuminuria at the diabetic centers showed that 64 patients [12.8%] had microalbuminuria. Of these 64 patients, only 7 [about 9%] had type-1 diabetes while the remaining 57 [about 91%] had type-II diabetes. Most of the patients [64.6%] were young and were between the ages of 31 to 50 years, and in most [83.4%] the duration of diabetes was less than 10 years. Amongst the 64 microalbuminuric diabetic patients, 68.75% had microalbuminuria even when the duration of diabetes was less than 10 years. A large number of our patients [90.6%] had microalbuminuria between 20 to 100 micro g/min. These facts emphasize the need to make efforts to aggressively treat these patients at risk of nephropathy at a time where process may still be reversible

Chronic rheumatic endocarditis an echocardiographic study

Our study in 131 patients showing sign of cardiac murmur investigated with echocardiography onowed that chronic rheumatic endocarditis [CRE] is more aggressive especially in males in our population involying multiple values at a relatively younger age. Our findings further showed this mural valve disease traditionally remains the commonest valve to be involved and absence of this should put serious doubts about the rheumatic a etiology. When involved alone, mural stenosis [MS] rather than [MR] mural regurgitation seems to be predominantly affecting the females, While MS occuring as part of multiple valvular pathology predominantly affects the male population