Salt stress, its impacts on plants and the strategies plants are employing against it: A review

Salt stress is said as the most harmful environmental issue affecting the agricultural productivity of manycrops, with deleterious effect on plant growth, physiological and biochemical characteristics, vigour, and cropyields. Salt stress induced oxidative stress in plants by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that resultsimpairment of cellular membranes, proteins of cells and organelles, especially of mitochondria, chloroplast,and peroxisomes and affects overall integrity of the cell. The various types of ROS are 1O2, H2O2, O2•−, andOH•. Salinity creates osmotic stress in plants that diminishes the root water absorption capacity and causes lossof water from the leaves that increases the accumulation of salts in salt stressed plants. However, plants showtolerance toward salt stress by involving large number of adaptations, for example, osmotic adjustment, ionhomeostasis, hormonal regulation, antioxidant defense system, etc. Biosynthesis of plant growth hormones,such as cytokinins, abscisic acid, auxin, jasmonic acid, gibberellin, and ethylene play important role inamelioration of salt stress in plants by altering biochemical and physiological process plant tissues. Plantsdevelop ion homeostasis in order to eliminate additional salt ions from cytosol by primary and secondarytransport, maintains the balance of cytosolic concentration of Na+ and K+ ions, thus keeps the low concentrationof Na+ ions in cytosol as they are very harmful to cell when present in higher level. Plants develop antioxidantsystem constituting enzymatic components catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbateperoxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase and non-enzymatic components, suchas glutathione, cysteine, tocopherols, and ascorbate that eliminate or neutralize ROS to cope with the oxidativestress by the antioxidant defense system and protect themselves against detrimental effects of ROS. In thisreview, we discuss on salt stress lead production of ROS, their formation, effects, and scavenging.