Evaluation of Effects of Irradiation with 980 nm Diode Laser at 0.8 W, 1.2 W and 1.4 W, on Sheep Bone - An In Vitro Histological Study

Diode laser has been a boon to treat various periodontal diseases in the last decade. Literature cautions that contact of diode laser would be detrimental to bone and leads to bone resorption. However, till date no studies have documented bone damage at different power settings of laser. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 980 nm diode laser irradiation on sheep bone under different power settings in continuous wave mode for fixed amount of time. MethodsA fresh femur of sheep devoid of any muscle and soft tissue was obtained. Three markings, each 10 mm long were made for the specimens. The specimens were categorized as sample A, B and C. 980 nm Diode Laser was used to irradiate the specimens with 0.8 W, 1.2 W and 1.4 W at continuous mode as the power settings for sample A, B and C respectively for 10 seconds in direct contact with bone in a brushing like pattern. ResultsThe depth of bone damage was measured using Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Bone damage was minimum for group 1 followed by group 2 and 3. ConclusionsWhen the specimens were irradiated by a 980 nm diode laser in direct contact with the bone tissue, damage was seen both clinically and microscopically in all groups.

Gingival Depigmentation Using Surgical Scalpel and Sieve Method of Diode Laser Techniques - A Comparative Clinical Intervention Study.

This study was carried out to compare the treatment outcome after application of surgical scalpel and sieve methods of diode laser for depigmentation techniques with one year follow up period. METHODSThis was a comparative split mouth intervention study with follow up period of one year. A total of 5 systemically healthy patients, were enrolled in this study. Right and left quadrant were divided into Group A and Group B. In Group A, depigmentation with Sieve method of diode laser and in Group B depigmentation with surgical scalpel technique were used. Dummett Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI) and Verbal Analogue Scale (VAS) Questionnaires were used to assess the intensity of gingival pigmentation and the pain intensity of the patients respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 2.5 and P value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTSThe pain intensity in Group B (mean rank 1.60, 4.0) was high as compared to Group A (mean rank 0.0, 2.0) at 2 weeks and one month follow up and the results were statistically significant. Group A (mean rank 0.20, 0.80) showed better depigmentation outcome compared group B (mean rank 1.0, 1.80) at six months and one year and the results were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONSSeive method of diode laser therapy showed a significant improvement in gingival pigmentation as well as reduction in pain intensity as compared to surgical scalpel technique.

Contaminated Dental Posts and Methods of Disinfection: A Systematic Review

Purpose: The aim of this study is to review the literature for the effect of contaminated posts on the outcome of endodontic therapy and to review the current recommendations available for posts disinfection protocols. Methods: An electronic MEDLINE and PubMed search was conducted using MeSH terms, and the references of the resulted articles were further reviewed for additional articles, eligibility criteria included any published article in a peerreviewed journal assessing posts for signs of contamination or reviewing protocols for posts disinfection prior to cementation. Findings: No articles met the eligibility criteria to be included in this review. Conclusion: There is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of contaminated posts on the success of endodontic treatments, and no protocols were found for disinfecting the posts prior to cementation.

Vitamin B12 status among pregnant women and Its association with obesity and gestational diabetes

Background: pregnant women in resource-poor areas are at risk of multiple micronutrient deficiencies, and diets that are low in animal products place women at increased risk of vitamin B12 deficiency. Aim of the Work: to investigate the vitamin B12 status of pregnant women in Egypt and its relationship with obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Patients and Methods: this clinical observational prospective study has been conducted at Bab Al-Shaaria University Hospital Obstetrics and Gynecological Department from April 2018 to January 2019. To assess vitamin B12 status among pregnant woman and its association with obesity and gestational diabetes. 80 pregnant women attended to out-patient clinic were included in the study. The evaluation included data collection through: history taking, examination, anthropometric measurement, maternal blood vitamin B12 level estimation at second and third trimester and blood glucose level. Results: vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnancy is common particularly in obese women and those with GDM. Conclusion: vitamin B12 deficiency is silent and common in general population. Causes of vitamin B12 deficiencies are multifactorial and associated with many health problems. Also, obesity is common and its prevalence is increasing in the world. Therefore, both health problems have gained importance in family medicine practice in the last decades

Serum cholinesterase level as a biomarker in detecting liver injury in Patients with chronic hepatitis c

Background: hepatitis C virus can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis. The acute process is self-limited, rarely causes hepatic failure and usually leads to chronic infection. Chronic HCV infection often follows a progressive course over many years and can ultimately result in cirrhosis, HCC and the need for liver transplantation. Objective: the aim of this study is to evaluate serum cholinesterase (CHE) level as a biomarker for detecting liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Patients and Methods: the current study was carried out on 50 subjects selected from the outpatient's clinic of Internal Medicine Department of Sayed Galal Hospital, Al-Azhar University and admitted to the internal department. The study was performed in the period between July-2014 to July -2019. Results: Sensitivity of cholinesterase is 100%, its specificity is 100% and its accuracy is 100%, in predicting liver injury in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Cholinesterase is positively correlated with Hb, platelets and albumin. Cholinesterase is negatively correlated with ALT, AST and ALP, total & direct bilirubin, PT, INR, urea, creatinine and AFP. There is significant increase of cholinesterase among compensated compared with decompensated cirrhotic patients. There is significant decrease of cholinesterase among compensated cirrhotic patients compared with controls. There is significant decrease of cholinesterase among decompensated cirrhotic patients compared with controls. Conclusion: cholinesterase is an excellent biomarker of cirrhosis with good sensitivity and specificity. Cholinesterase shows good correlation with albumin, PT, INR and Child-Puch score. Cholinesterase distinguishes decompensated cirrhosis from compensated cirrhosis well

Antimicrobial resistance activity and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolates in Tripoli Central Hospital, Libya

Background: Nosocomial infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococci could lead to increased morbidity and mortality, but little is known about the prevalence of infections with these organisms in healthcare facilities and in the community in Tripoli. This study investigated the in vitro susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase negative staphylococci (MRCNS) to antimicrobial agents, and determined the molecular characteristics of MRSA.Methods: This is a retrospective observational study aiming at determining the prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of (MRSA) and (MRCNS) isolated from non-duplicated clinical specimens in Tripoli Central Hospital (TCH) between June 2013 and June 2014. Isolates were identified using standard laboratory procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out by disk diffusion method and automated systems. DNA of the MRSA isolates was used for PCR to determine the molecular analysis.Results: 218 isolates of Staphylococci were obtained, 71.6% were coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) and 28.4% were coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS). 39.7% of CPS were MRSA, while 75.8% of CNS were MRCNS. The rates of hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) and community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) among MRSA isolates were 61.3% and 38.7% respectively. A similar trend was detected among MRCNS isolates, where 74.5% were HA-MRCNS and 25.5% were CA-MRCNS. All the MRSA and MRCNS isolates were susceptible (100%) to vancomycin, tigecycline, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, daptomycin and moxifloxacin. Generally, hospital-acquired strains showed higher resistance rates than community-acquired ones to the most commonly tested non-beta-lactam antibiotics. 35.5% of all staphylococcal isolates exhibited mecA+ gene and 12.9% expressed mecC+. Meanwhile, 38.7% of MRSA isolates harbored both mecA and mecC. However, 12.9% of MSSA isolates were negative for both mecA and mecC. The mecA gene was detectable in 59.1% and 40.9 % of HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA isolates respectively.Conclusion: Hospital-acquired MRSA and MRCNS isolates had higher resistance rates to non-beta lactam antimicrobial drugs than the respective community-acquired isolates. This was shown by early detection of mecC gene among MRSA isolates

Tight junction protein claudin 4 in gastric carcinoma and its relation to lymphangiogenic activity

Background and study aims: Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Claudins are a family of tight junction proteins that are biologically relevant in many cancer progression steps. This study aimed to investigate the expression of the intestinal claudin [claudin 4] in gastric carcinoma and to evaluate its relation to the different clinicopathologic prognostic parameters, especially lymphangiogenesis [production of new lymphatic vessels, measured by lymphovascular density [LVD]] and lymphovascular invasion [LVI]

Patients and methods: Fifty-five gastric carcinoma specimens were immunohistochemically stained for claudin 4 and D2-40 [for detection of lymphatic vessel endothelium]

Results: High expression of claudin 4 was detected in 26 of 55 [47.3%] cases. Low expression of claudin 4 was related to poorly differentiated type [p = 0.001], non-intestinal [diffuse] type [p = 0.001], deeper tumour invasion [p < 0.001], lymph node metastasis [p = 0.001], and higher stage [p = 0.001]. In addition, higher LVD was related to poorly differentiated types [p = 0.001], non-intestinal type [p = 0.001], lymph node metastasis [p = 0.015], and higher tumour, node, metastasis [TNM] stage [p = 0.001]. LVI was related to lymph node metastasis [p = 0.025], higher TNM stage [p = 0.001], and LVD [p = 0.001]. Claudin 4 significantly correlated with both LVD [p = 0.009] and LVI [p = 0.009]

Conclusions: High expression of claudin 4 was associated with the more differentiated intestinal-type gastric carcinoma and lost in poorly differentiated diffuse type. So, claudin 4 may be used as one of the differentiating markers between the two major types of gastric carcinoma [intestinal vs. diffuse]. LVD and LVI were related to higher incidence of lymph node metastasis and therefore could be used as predictive markers for lymph node metastasis in limited specimens during early gastric carcinoma to determine the need for more invasive surgery. Low expression of claudin 4 was related to lymphangiogenesis. This may shed light on the relation of tight junction protein expression and lymphangiogenesis

Over protection as perceived by sons and its realation to some social skillsfor the age domain from [9-12] year

Objectives: The present study aims to reveal the relationship between the over protection as perceived by sons and its realation to social skills for the age domain from [9-12] year at the age group [9-12] years. Also, the results of this research can be utilized of in educating the parents on the intact methods in dealing with the children in this age group

Sample: The study sample consists of 200 males and females, They are selected from the public schools in Cairo as their ages ranged between [9-12] years, and the sample is selected from the families consisting of parents with exclusion of cases of divorce and separation and travelling of a parent abroad

Instruments: A questionnaire of social and educational level in the age group [9-12] years [FayzaYousefAbd-El Megeed], Scale of over protection for parents in the age group [9-12][prepared by researcher], and Scale of social skills for children, [prepared by AimanShehata] Scale non-verbal intelligence photographer [prepared by Taha Al mestekaye]

Results: Find statistical correlation relationship between over protection degree No statistical differences between boys and girls in over protection degree as perceived by children in the age of [9-12] years, No statistical differences between boys and girls in over protection degree as perceived by children in the age of [9-12] years.. No statistical differences in parents over as perceived by children according to difference in parents education social levels, and No statistical differences in some children social skills according parents education social level [Low-Medium-High]

Impact of implementing standardized nursing care on hepatic encephalopathy patients outcomes in intensive care unit at Assuit university hospital

Hepatic encephalopathy is the occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness and coma us a result of liver failure. In the advanced stages it is called hepatic coma. It may ultimately lead to death. It is caused by accumulation in the blood stream of toxic substances that are normally removed by-the liver. Standards of nursing care provide the required knowledge and skills that can be used to orient new staff and guide nurses in clinical practice; moreover, standards form a basis for monitoring, evaluating and improving quality of care. Therefore, the aim was to identify the impact of implementing standardized nursing care on hepatic encephalopathy patient's outcome. Quasi-, experimental research design was used to conduct this research. This study was carried out in intensive care unit of gastroenterology and hepatology in internal medicine department at main Assuit University Hospital. The sample of this study consisted of 60 patients, divided into study and control group equally. Tools used in this study comprised three main. Tool 7> patients groups assessment sheet. Tool II:- Neurological examination including mental state assessment. Tool 111:-Evaluation sheet of hepatic encephalopathy patients. The results: it revealed that majority of the study sample was older than 55 years with a mean age [55.9 +/- 7.8 and 60.2 +/- 5.1 respectively] for the study and control group with significant difference. Regarding length of hospital stay there was a significant difference between both study and control group with p-value [< 0.001]. There results revealed significant difference between both groups regard the level and grade of lower limb edema [p < 0.01]. On the other hand, the result showed skin ulceration with statistically significant difference ktween both groups [p< 0.01]. In addition the current study revealed significant increase in both groups as regard neurological assessment using GCS, while it showed significant decrease as regards west haven criteria [p < 0.05].Conclusion:-Based on the findings of the present study, it can k concluded that the standardized nursing care were better than the routine care of the hospital for hepatic encephalopathy

Bacterial Etiology of Diarrhoeal Diseases in Children Under 5 Years Old in Ombadda Hospital - Sudan

Abstract:This study was conducted in Ombadda hospital in order to isolate and identify the bacterial aetiology of diarrhoea in children under 5years of age and determine their antibiograms. Stool specimens were collected from children seeking treatment at Ombadda and Omdurman paediatric hospitals from April to September 2008. The stool specimens were cultured on conventional media; and the isolates were identified by biochemical tests; and confirmed by serology. Enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC) was the predominant isolate (42.11); followed by Salmonella paratyphi B (31.58);Salmonella typhi (10.53) V. cholerae (10.53) and Shigella flexneri(5.26). The enteric bacterial pathogens were susceptible to cefuroxime and ceftriaxone.V.cholerae was susceptible to amoxicillin.This study showed high proportion of bacterial diarrhoea among children less than five years old. The most common causative agent is EPEC which is not part of routine investigation of stool culture in all of the laboratories in Sudan

Effect Nigella sativa [black seed] on liver enzymes in ischemia reperfusion injury

Background: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion [I/R] injury may occur in a variety of clinical settings and this remains a significant problem. Oxygen free radicals, produced on reperfusion have been shown to play a major role in hepatic I/R injury. Various therapeutic effects have been described for Nigella sativa. Additionally, it has been presented that Nigella sativa [orientalis] oil has protective effect against ischemia reperfusion injury to various organs. Therefore, it seems possible that the administration of Nigella sativa [orientalis] oil might protect the liver against the ischemia reperfusion injury

Objective: To determine whether Nigella sativa [orientalis] oil prevents hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury to the liver

Methods: Thirty-six rats were divided into three groups as control [Group 1], I/R group [Group 2], and Nigella sativa oil [NS] treatment group [Group 3]. All rats underwent hepatic ischemia for 60 min followed by 60 min period of reperfusion. Rats were intraperitoneally infused with only 0.9% saline solution in group 2. Rats in group 3 received NS oil [0.2 mL/kg] intraperitoneally, before ischemia and before reperfusion. Blood samples were harvested from the rats, and then the rats were sacrificed. Serum aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] levels were determined

Results: The levels of liver enzymes in group 3 were significantly lower than those in the group 2

Conclusion: Our results suggest that Nigella sativa oil treatment protects the rat liver against to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Intestinal helminthic infestations among school children of 6-8 years of age in Sohag city

To determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Sohag city among 6-8 years old school children and its relation to socio-demographic factors, environmental factors, behavioral habits and complaints related to intestinal infestations. A total of 800 children [480 boys and 320 girls] have been randomly selected from ten primary schools belonging to Sohag district [five schools from villages [rural] and another five schools from main city and were enrolled into study. Their ages ranged from 72 months to 96 months with mean age of 77.5 months. Data were collected through questionnaire interview regarding socio-demographic clinical history and environmental conditions. All children have been examined in their schools with special interest to the general condition of the child, state of nutrition, abnormal facial pigmentation, pruritus around anus, vulvo-vaginitis, examination of nails as well as examination of eyes for signs of allergy, cardiac examination and other system examination. Fresh stool samples were prepared from children at their schools and examined microscopically. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count, serum iron and iron binding capacity. Further evaluation was needed in 120 children and included: anthropometric measurements, eye examination by ophthalmologist, skin examination by dermatologist, electrocardiography [ECG] and echocardiography Helminthic infestation was found in 512 [64%] out of the 800 children studied. Enterobius [E.] vermicularis was the most common parasite detected in all the 512 cases. Mixed infestations were found in 69 [8.6%] cases. Rural children had a higher percentage of parasitic infestation 341 [42.6%] than children in urban area 171 [21.4%]. Anemia detected in 395 children in the form of mild anemia in 160 [20%], moderate anemia in 151 [18.9%] and severe anemia in 84 [10.5%] according to grading of anemia by WHO classification. Intestinal parasitic infection is an important public health problem in Sohag city. Rural residence, mother education less than primary school, bad hygienic conditions were the significant associations. Health education on personal hygiene to the students and to the parents, especially to mothers is required