ABSTRACT
Dental caries is a chronic disease that causes the destruction of tooth structure by the interaction of plaque bacteria, food debris, and saliva. There has been attempts to induce remineralization by supersaturating the intra-oral environment around the surface enamel, where there is incipient caries. In this study, supersaturated remineralized solution "R" was applied to specimens with incipient enamel caries, and the quantitative ananlysis of remineralization was evaluated using microradiography. Thirty subjects volunteered to participate in this study. Removable appliances were constructed for the subjects, and the enamel specimen with incipient caries were embedded in the appliances. The subjects wore the intra-oral appliance for 15 days except while eating and sleeping. The removable appliance were soaked in supersaturated solution "R", saline, or Senstime(R) to expose the specimen to those solutions three times a day, 5 minutes each time. After 15 days, microradiography was retaken to compare and evaluate remineralization. The results were as the following: 1. The ratio of remineralized area to demineralized area was significantly higher in the supersaturated solution "R" and Senstime(R) than in the saline. (p<0.05) 2. Remineralization in the supersaturated buffer solution "R" occurred in the significantly deeper parts of the tooth, compared to the Senstime(R) group containing high concentration of fluoride.(p<0.05) As in the above results, the remineralization effect of remineralized buffer solution "R" on incipient enamel caries has been proven. For clinical utilization, further studies on soft tissue reaction and the effect on dentin and cementum are necessary. In conclusion compared to commercially available fluoride solution, remineralization solution "R" showed better remineralization effect on early enamel caries lesion, so it is considered as effecient solution for clinical application.
Subject(s)
Bacteria , Chronic Disease , Dental Caries , Dental Cementum , Dental Enamel , Dentin , Eating , Fluorides , Microradiography , ToothABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Strabismus surgery is associated with a high incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Propofol is an anesthetic which has an antiemetic effect. A randomized study was done to compare the efficacy of propofol-fentanyl and propofol-ketorolac anesthesia for strabismus surgery in children. METHODS: Eighty-five children, ASA physical status I or II, for strabismus surgery, were studied. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups by picking the envelop. Preanesthetic medication was not given. Fentanyl group received fentanyl 1.5 microgram/kg i.v. and ketorolac group received ketorolac 1 mg/kg, 2 minutes before induction. Atropine was given after that. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2.4 mg/kg and vecuronium 1 mg/kg and intubation was performed. Anesthesia was maintained with a three-stage infusion technique of propofol (12 mg/kg/hr for 1st 10 minutes, 9 mg/kg/hr for 2nd 10 minutes and 6 mg/kg/hr was followed) with oxygen and nitrous oxide. Ketorolac was injected intramuscularly for preemptive analgesia immediate after induction. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was evaluated for postoperative 48 hours. And also, intraoperative oculocardiac reflex was monitored to compare the difference between two groups. RESULTS: During postoperative 48 hours, fentanyl group and ketorolac group had a similar low incidence of nausea and vomiting (4.2% and 7.0%). There is no significant difference of intraoperative oculocardiac reflex between two groups (45.2% and 30.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Propofol administered to induce and maintain anesthesia with a three-stage infusion technique is equally effective in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in propofol-fentanyl and propofol-ketorolac anesthesia for strabismus surgery in children.