Adding [166]Ho data to VARSKIN2 code and dose calculation to human skin

Skin cancer can be treated by various methods. Electron radiotherapy has been a useful therapeutic modality in the treatment of skin cancers in areas which are difficult to cure by other methods. Depth dose distribution of [166]Ho using VARSKIN2 code is presented in this work. Depth dose distribution of [166]Ho was calculated, using VARSKIN2 code by adding of [166]Ho data to the library of VARSKIN2 code. After adding [166]Ho radionuclide data to the library of the code, it was run for various input parameters including: density, air gap thickness, radiation time and different source geometry. Different forms of sources which have been used in this research are 2-D disk, cylindrical and spherical shapes. The result showed that the skin absorbed depth dose variation was an exponential function because of short range of beta ray. Dose gradient was very high near the sources. For the same activity, disk source induced a dose more than spherical and cylindrical source to skin surface. Superficial skin tumors could be successfully treated by topical application of beta-emitting [166]Ho source. VARSKIN2 is a fast, accurate and user friendly code for beta dosimetry and can be used for dose optimization calculation, especially in beta source over the human skin

[ effects of tamsulosin versus indomethacin in the expulsion of the lower urethral stones]

Urinary stones are among the most prevalent urological diseases [1-15%]. While passing from kidneys to bladder, these stones stay in the lower urethra, causing painful spasms. Watchful waiting method [between 1-6 weeks] is one of the most common remedies in the treatment of lower urethral stones on the other hand, alpha-receptors, which help with controlling the spasm, exist in the distal urethras, especially in the trigone of the bladder. So, we decided to study the effects of Tamsulosin [alpha-blockers], as compared to Incomethacin, on patients suffering from distal urethral stones. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of alpha-blocker [Tamsulosin] on the expulsion of lower urethral stones in the patients who referred to Bahman 22nd and Aria hospitals in one year. 85 patients who were diagnosed as suffering from urethral stones were randomly divided into 2 groups. 46 patients who were placed in the first group received Tamsulosin [0.4 mg/daily] with suppository of Indomethacin for 10 days. The other 39 patients in the second group received only Indomethacin. After taking the prescribed medicines, the patients were again examined and controlled by KUB and Ultrasound. Then, the results were compared using statistical analysis. 32 of the patients in the first group [the case] who had received Tamsulosin had stone expulsion while the other 14 patients did not. Among the patients in the control group [a total of 39], 22 patients had stone expulsion while 17 patients did not. The result of chi-square test revealed that the 2 groups were not significantly different from each other in terms of stone expulsion and prognosis [P=0.209]. There were no statistical differences between the groups of study according to age, gender and the stone size, either. According to these findings, we do not suggest the prescription of Tamsulosin as an adjuvant therapy for stone expulsion in patients who have lower ureteral stone without considering their stone size and gender. Instead, just prescribing pain relief [if necessary] and physical activity with large amount of oral liquid intake during the watchful waiting period are enough

[Common clinical aspects of tuberous sclerosis and neurofibromatosis in Mashhad]

Since CNS is derived from ectoderm during the fetal period, there are some common congenital or hereditary conditions that affect both the skin and nervous systems. Such conditions are traditionally called neurocutaneous disorders or phakomatosis.In this study, we have reviewed the most common clinical features and paraclinical findings in neurofibromatosis [NF] and tuberous sclerosis. In this cross sectional study, 50 patients with tuberous sclerosis or NF were chosen among all the patients who referred to the neurological clinic of Shahrivar 17th Hospital during a ten-month period. They were physically examined to detect any suspicion of neuroectodermal syndromes employing paraclinic exams like CT scan, MRI and EEG. Information about patients' familial history, age, sex, clinical and paraclinical findings was collected to fill out the questionnaires. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS and SAS soft wares. 80% of our patients had NF. The ratio of males to females was calculated as 1.1. The average age for the emergence of the disease was 7.8 years old for tuberous sclerosis, 11.3 years old for NF1 and 59 years old for our only case of NF2. The most common manifestation of these syndromes was Cutaneus Lesions [88.9% in tuberous sclerosis and 100% in NF]. Seizure and mental retardation were also common features in tuberous sclerosis with frequencies of 88.9% and 75%, respectively. Paraclinical studies were helpful in diagnosing the 50% of tuberous sclerosis and the8.7% of neurofibromatosis cases. Clinical and paraclinical manifestations of neurocutaneous disorders in this study are similar to other studies in the world

effects of pregnancy: induced hypertension on umbilical artery blood flow in the third trirnester

Doppler ultrasound of umbilical vessels is a method of evaluating fetoplacental blood flow which is very important in high risk pregnancies and can predict both the duration of maternal hospitalization and fetal mortality rates in IUGR. Pregnancy induced hypertension is one of the most important causes of high-risk pregnancies. In this study, the rate of blood flow through umbilical artery as well as its degree of resistance were measured, using Doppler ultrasound in the patients with pregnancy induced hypertension. This is a cross-sectional study which was carried out on 35 pregnant women with pregnancy induced hypertension in the year of 2004. All of the cases were studied during their third trimester. 61 pregnant women in their third trimester were selected as the control group. They all had normal blood pressure. Doppler ultrasound of umbilical artery was performed for both the case and the control groups. Then, Peak Systolic Velocity [PSV], End Diastolic Velocity [EDV] and mean velocity were measured, based of which Resistive Index [RI], Pulsatility Index [PI] and Systolic to Diastolic ratio [S/D ratio] were calculated. Finally the statistical analysis was performed on the obtained recorded data, using SPSS software. The results indicate a measure of 0.77 for RI; 1.39 for PT and 4.88 for S/D ratio in the case group while in the control group, such measurements were calculated as 0.64; 1.08 and 2.97, respectively. As a whole, the comparison of the mean values of the mentioned indices revealed a significant difference between the two groups [P<0.01]. The case group were significantly rated higher in terms of the above mentioned indices. In patients with pregnancy induced hypertension without having other risk factors [such as diabetes, mellitus and IUGR], Doppler ultrasound should be used for evaluating the degree of fetoplacental blood flow in order to decrease the risk of pregnancy complications

Comparative findings of ultrasongraphy and IVU in the diagnosis of hypernephrosis

The ultrasonographic findings of urinary obstruction indicate the diagnosis of hydronephorsis. Hydrophrosis is a descriptive term referring to the presence of dilatation of pelvis and calyces and not to the cause of the ddilation IVU can provide functional and anatomical details while ultrasonography can only provide anatomical details There are some different ideas about diagnostic values of each method. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ultrasonoyraphic sensitivity in detection of hydronephrosis [obstructive or nonobstructive] as compared to IVU. This prospective comparative study was done on 70 patients referring to the radiology department of Bahman 22[nd]and Arya Hospitals since April 2006 to October 2007. Kidney ultrasonography and IVU were administered for all the patients. Then, the accuracy rate of ultrasonography in diagnosing hydronephrosis was determined comparing with IVU as a gold standard method. Some variables such as age, sex, the size of kidney, kidney parenchymal echo, ureteral stone, bladder condition in IVU and stone in KUB were evaluated in all the patients. Among 70 patients, the mean age was 36 +/- 16.3 years ranging from 12 to 72 years. Comparing ultrasonography with IVU, the sensivity of ultrasonography for diagnosing hydronephrosis was 79.41%, the specificity rate of ultrasonography was 55%; the positive predictive value was 62% and the negative predictive value was 74%. Also, the accuracy rate of sonography in diagnosing hydronephrosis was 67%. The results of this study suggest that although ultrasonography is not a substitute for IVU, it can be used as a preliminary tool for detecting hydronephrosis and as a screening diagnostic method for urinary obstruction in azotemic patients. IVU is suggested for acute urinary obstructions and in patients with renal colic and normal sono-findings

Early extubation after complete repairment of teralogy of fallot

Tetralogy of Fallot [TF] with prevalence ratio of 3.5 to 11% is one of the most common cyanotic heart diseases, especially after the infancy. It causes hypoxic cyanosis, blue spells and systemic thromboembolic events, and infections like brain abscess and endocarditis. These patients are usually treated medically and surgically, the ultimate goal of the surgical intervention is complete repairment. They are usually intubated 24 to 48 hours or more after the operation. Intubation, especially if prolonged, causes various complications, which could be reduced by shortening the length of the intubation period. Fifty TF operated patients were extubated four hours after entering ICU. All of them were transferred to the ward without any need for reintubation or any other complication the next day