[Sexual health challenges of adolescents in Iran: a review article]

Becoming to an adult who is sexually healthy is one of the key developmental activities for adolescents. sexual health is included of sexual development and reproductive health and also the ability to create and maintain good interpersonal relationships, are valued for their body, Respectful engagement with both sexes in correct method and expressed a desire, love and intimacy based on personal and stable social values. In this study, using key words adolescence, sexual behavior, sexual risk behavior and sexual health and peers, related studies from 1370 to 1390 in IranMedex, Irandoc, Medlib, SID and Google scholar were investigated. Factors and challenges are associated with adolescent sexual health can be categorized into the following 4 themes [12 sub themes]: Religious beliefs and spirituality [abstinence]; lack of sexual education [false beliefs and knowledge about sexual function; adolescents' attitudes toward risky behavior and sexual relations; information sources of adolescents; skills for "say no"]; community and youth issues[gender differences; relationships with peers; monitoring and control by the family; communication challenges between teen and parents; socioeconomical factors; Centers for reproductive health services to adolescents]; adolescents sexual relationship outcomes [catching sexually transmitted diseases probability]. In some areas, including relationships between parents with children, gender differences, attitudes and sexual behavior and the influence of peers, Studies conducted in our country is well. But in areas such as spirituality and religious beliefs, self-control, prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS, life skills in adolescents and intervention strategies to promote sexual health of adolescents there are a great gap

[ effect of nursing process-based care on patients' anxiety of candidates for women's elective surgery]

Although surgery as a means of therapy is used today and saves many patients' lives but it has also some complications. One of its most important psychological complications is preoperative anxiety. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nursing process based care on patients' anxiety of candidates for women's elective surgery. Using a randomized clinical trial, 60 candidates for women's elective surgery in kosar hospital of Qazvin city were randomly assigned to either control or experimental groups. The experimental group was assessed based on nursing process after admission. If any nursing diagnoses including anxiety, knowledge deficit, or fear were found, then the required training was provided to the patients. The control group just received routine care. Data was collected using Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale [APAIS] and a laboratory test for measurement of serum cortisol level. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics [Chi-square test, fisher's exact test, paired t test, independent t test, Wilcoxon and Pearson correlation] using SPSS-PC [v.17]. Paired t test results showed that the mean score for preoperative anxiety in the experimental group [13.6 +/- 3.3] compared to the time of admission [23.33 +/- 3.6] has been significantly decreased [p=0.001, t= - 4.7]. Whereas the mean score for preoperative anxiety in the control group [23/4 +/- 4.28] compared to mean score of anxiety at admission time [17/03 +/- 3.96] had been increased [p=0.001, t= -7.39]. Results of independent t test showed that the mean preoperative anxiety score in the experimental group was significantly less than control group [p=0.001, t=-10.3]. According to the results, nursing care based on nursing process as an effective and non pharmaceutical intervention can be recommended for reducing anxiety and concerns of these patients

[Female sexual satisfaction with different contraceptive methods]

The choice, acceptance and satisfaction of women with different types of contraceptive methods would affect their quality of life and sexual function. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the female sexual satisfaction with different types of contraceptive methods in clients referred to Qazvin city clinics. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was carried out among 467 women in 6 midwifery units of Qazvin city health centers in 2009 using cluster random sampling method. Sexual satisfaction was assessed with Larson Sexual Satisfaction Scale among women using different contraceptive methods. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics [Chi-square test, Pearson correlation test and ANOVA] using SPSS-PC [v.16]. According to the findings, the percentage of using withdrawal, condom, OCPs, DMPA, IUD, TL and vasectomy were 25.5%, 26.3, 13.3%, 6.6%, 18.8%, 6% and 3.4%, respectively. Most of the participants [54.9%] had moderate sexual satisfaction. There were a significant difference between the mean score of sexual satisfaction and use of different types of contraceptive methods [P=0.041]. The most sexual satisfaction was found with condom [28.6%] and withdrawal [26.5%] methods. The findings revealed that contraceptive methods can affect women's sexual satisfaction. Accordingly, executing family planning training programs for counselors regarding the suitable choose of contraceptive method considering women's sexual satisfaction is recommended

[ survey of quality of life in first-time women in postpartum period]

Quality of life is a well-being feeling. The birth of a child has a major the impact on the mother and her Quality of life. Mothers experience many physiological, mental and social changes at postpartum period, which is influenced on her Quality of life. The Aim of this study was determining Life Quality in Mothers after Delivery in Women Referring to Dezful Health Centers in 2008. This study was a descriptive-Cohort study carried out in 2008. Sampling method was using quaoto sampling. The research data were collected using demographic feature questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS], Short-Form-36 [SF-36] and specialized life quality questionnaire. Questionnaires were filled by 120 women, on 6 to 8 and 12 to 14 weeks after postpartum. Results showed that mean of depression score of 6-8 week postpartum was significantly more in score mean of depression in 12-14 week postpartum [P<0.001]. The analysis of SF-36 health survey questionnaire showed that the Physical functioning and Vitality scales had highest and lowest scores between all domains, and demonstrate that quality was very good and weak between all domains. Scores of different scales of specialized quality of life questionnaire in 6-8 week and 12-14 week postpartum were moderate quality. Quality of life of participants in this study were reported average, and as physiological, mental and social changes induced at postpartum period, hence Support of their husbands, other family members and health care personnel is necessary and improve the health of mothers and the quality of life in all stages of life

[Effect of progressive muscle relaxation program on self-efficacy and quality of life in caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis]

MS is a disease of the central nervous system affecting all economic, financial, social, and emotional aspects of individual, family, and community. Performing continuous care leads to chronic stress in caregivers of patients and this in turn threatens their self-efficacy and quality of life. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of progressive muscle relaxation on self-efficacy and quality of life in caregivers of patients with multiple sclerosis. This was a controlled clinical trial in which 70 family caregivers of MS patients were investigated. The study population was divided into two age- and sex-matched case and control groups. Progressive muscle relaxation techniques were employed for the case group for three months [90 sessions] and its application was followed using a self-report checklist. After three months, self-efficacy and quality of life questionnaires were re-filled by members of both groups. Data were analyzed using descriptive and presumption statistical tests while a p /= 0.05]. Several interventions such as progressive muscle relaxation program with low cost, good safety and effect can help reduce the stress of family caregivers of patients in particular those with chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and thus leading to an increase in their self-efficacy, care quality, and quality of life

[Relation between infertility and sexual satisfaction in couples]

Infertility is a complex crisis in couple's life and can produce severe psychological pressure on both partners. Depression, stress, low self-esteem, and marital sexual dissatisfaction are among the psychological outcomes of infertility. This study was aimed to determine the relation between infertility and sexual satisfaction. This was a cross sectional study in which depression and sexual satisfaction rate among 150 infertile versus 150 fertile couples [in Tabriz- in 2005] were investigated and further analyzed. Random Sampling was used to select study population. Data gathering was performed using a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts including a section on demographic characteristics, and also a Larson standard questionnaire for determining sexual Satisfaction]. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods, independent t-test, and >2. Findings: There was no significant difference associated with mean sexual satisfaction rate between infertile and fertile men and infertile and fertile women [p=0.707, t=0.377 in men; p=0.370, t=0.898 in women]. However, a statically significant relationship between sexual satisfaction score and duration of marriage, income status, number of unsuccessful treatment, length of time when infertility diagnosed, and performance of diagnostic tests was found. Considering the unpleasant effects of sexual dissatisfaction on physical and emotional health and also the occurrence of infertility-originated divorce, attempt has to be made for early diagnosis and treatment of undesirable situation in both partners

[ effect of balloon inflating on venous opening pain in children]

Venous opening is a usual but painful procedure in bedridden children. Performing anything to distract the child from thinking of pain could reduce the pain. This study was performed to determine the effect of balloon inflating on venous opening pain in 4-7 years old children. This was a randomized controlled trial in which 60 children [30 in balloon inflating group and 30 in control group] aged 4-7 years old who were referred to surgical department of Qods hospital investigated. A questionnaire including the demographic characteristics and FACES Wong-Baker pain gradation index was used to collect data. Using simple randomization, the patients were divided into two groups. In balloon inflating group, the children were educated on how to inflate a balloon prior to injection and later, using the pain determination tools, the severity of pain was measured at the time of venous opening. In control group, without any intervention, the venous was opened and the severity of pain determined. Data were analyzed using statistical tests including the chi square test and independent T test. The mean pain severity in balloon group was 1.60 +/- 1.42 and in control group 5.26 +/- 3.46 and the difference between two groups was significant, statistically. According to findings of the present study, balloon inflating is an effective, non medical, cheap and available method to reduce the pain in children when venous opening procedure is performed. Hence, it could be widely used to control and reduce the pain in children at time of therapeutic interventions

[ effect of family centered empowerment model on the quality of life in elderly people]

The proportion of older adults in the population continues to grow in the developing countries. In addition, in elderly persons decrease quality of life in geriatric because of several factors, such as, low physical activity and impairment in mobility. This study was performed to assess the effect of family centered empowerment model on the quality of life in charmahalobakhtiari elderly people This quasi-experimental study was conducted older adults in 2007-2008. In this study 60 elderly persons were randomly [Stratified Sampling] divided into two groups; experimental [30] and control [30]. Family centered empowerment model was administrated to the individual of experimental group for 3months; subsequently using SF-36 questionnaire, the level of quality of life was measured in the two groups at the beginning and the end of the study. The data was analyzed by using chi-square and nonparametric tests. quality of life score mean in contro group was 41.71. pair test analysis showed that by Using family centered empowerment model, mean of level of quality of life[75.46] in different were increase statically significant [p<0.01], whereas in the control group, these parameters, were unchanged. Our study results showed that using a family centered empowerment model can increase the level of quality of life in older adult in different dimension

[Antimicrobial effects of propolis extract on the most prevalent oral pathogens: an in vitro study]

Topical and systemic antimicrobials are widely used in dental practice. Likewise, antimicrobials may be used in order to reduce the count of oral pathogens before oral surgery in immune compromised patients or other high risk patients as well. Propolis is a wax- or resin-like substance that is collected by bees from fresh flowers, or other botanical sources, and used to reinforce the structural stability of the hive, acting as a barrier in preventing diseases and parasites from entering the hive. Given that there are differences in Propolis property produced around the world, the aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial effects of the Propolis produced in Hamedan province, Iran, with Nystatin [antifiingal drug] and Chlorhexidine [antibacterial mouthwash]. By using whole technique, the antimicrobial effect of 30% ethanol extract of Propolis was demonstrated against S. mutans, C. albicans and A.a.commitans. The antimicrobial effects of Ethanol-extract of Propolis and Chlorhexidine solution were evaluated at eight different times against S.mutans, C.albicans and A.a.commitans. The 70° ethanol was used as control. The microorganisms under investigation in this study revealed close susceptibility to various concentrations of Propolis extract, and the complete clear zones revealed remarkable effect. For other bacteria, different degrees of susceptibility to Propolis were observed. Based on these findings we may conclude that 30% ethanol extract of Propolis is very effective on oral pathogenic microorganisms [such as Streptococcus mutants, Candida albicans and Actinobacillus a. commitans]

[General health and its association with sleep quality in two groups of nurses with and without shift working in educational centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences [IUMS]]

The health condition of nurses as caregivers influences the quality of care received by patients. To reach the maximum performance, nurses themselves need be health. Nurses, because of the nature of their career confront many types of stresses in their work environment and they are among people that are prone sleep disorder because of working in morning, evening, night and especially, rotation shifts. The aim of this study is comparison of the general health and sleep quality of nurses in two groups of without shift and with shift working in IUMS- 2006. It was a descriptive - analytical study. The setting was hospitals affiliated to IUMS. Five hundreds and twenty nurses were recruited using stratified random sampling. To survey the general health and sleep quality of nurses General Health Questionnaire - 28 and Pitsberg Sleep Quality Index tools were used. Chi - Square test indicatod that there was a significant difference between general health of without shift and with shift workers, so that general health of without shift workers was better than rotation shift ones. The sleep quality of without shift nurses was also better than rotation shift ones [r=0.692, P<0.001]. There was a direct correlation between general health state and sleep quality [P<0.001]. Based of the finding of this study, appropriate and efficient managmant and careful planning of working shifts is suggest to reduce sleep disturbances in nurses. Promotion of nurse's quality of sleep can promote their general health and eventually promotes the quality care of patients

[Comparison of the impacts of family-based and individual-based interventions on body mass index and life style]

Obesity has been known as a risk factor in cardiovascular disease. Educational intervention aimed at modifying dietary habits and physical activity patterns are essential in management of obesity. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of family-based intervention and individualbased intervention on body mass index and life style. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on subjects suffering from obesity or overweight in Islam-Abad, Zanjan [2005-2006]. The subjects were assigned nonrandomly to either the family-based group [n=42] or individual-based group [n=49]. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Intervention included counseling to make change, in eating habit and exercise behavior. Subjects in the individual-based group received intervention individually in the clinics, and those in the family-based intervention received intervention by home visit. The data were analyzed using Chi-square test, T-test, Paired T-test, Mann-Whitney test and, Wilcoxon test. The mean of body mass index decreased from 30.74 +/- 3.99 to 30.1 +/- 3.90 and from 31.98 +/- 6.64 to 31.57 +/- 6.63 in family-based group and in individual-based group, respectively. After intervention, the mean of body mass index significantly decreased in both groups [p < 0.05]. There was no significant difference in body mass index between two groups after intervention [P=0.52]. The mean scores of dairy product consumption and fruit consumption as well as physical activity were increased in both groups [p < 0.0001]. It was concluded that both family-based and individual -based intervention, focusing on physical activity and diet counseling through regular follow-up meetings, could be effective ways of controlling CVD risk factors

[Comparing the effect of two family- and individual based interventions on blood pressure and life style]

High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. To compare the effect of two family-and individual-based interventions on blood pressure and lifestyle in subjects suffering from hypertension. This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 91 subjects with blood pressure 3 140/90 mmHg in Islam-Abad, Zanjan [Iran] during 2005-2006. The subjects were non-randomly assigned to either the family-based group [n=42] or individual-based group [n=49]. Intervention included counseling to promote both lifestyle and medical aspects of secondary prevention .The data were analyzed using chi-square test, t-test, paired t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test. The mean systolic blood pressure decreased from 159/5 +/- 14/4 to138/3 +/- 12 and 157/6 +/- 21/6 to132 +/- 20/9 in family-based group and in individual-based group, respectively. There was no significant difference in blood pressure between two groups after intervention [p=0.92]. However, following intervention the mean blood pressure significantly decreased in both groups [P=0/0005]. Also, the mean score of fruits and dairy product consumption and physical activity in subjects were significantly increased among two groups, post-intervention [p<0.0001]. The results indicated that both methods with focus on physical activity and diet counseling followed by structured follow-up meeting could be considered as effective ways of controlling CVD risk factors