ABSTRACT
Objective: To evaluate DNA methylation patterns of CpG islands in the promoters of p15 and p16 genes in hepatocellular carcinoma [HCC] and hepatitis C [HCV] cases and to evaluate whether the expression of p16/p15 wild genes as well as methylation of their promoters were significantly correlated with the pathological stage and grade of HCC. Design: A cross sectional case controlled, single center study
Patients: Twenty eight HCC and twenty HCV subjects
Setting: Internal Medicine and Medical Biochemistry Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University. Main outcome measures: Wild type p15 and p16 genes [p15-W and p16-W], methylated p15 and p16 genes [p15-M and pl6-M] and unmethylated p15 and p16 genes [p15-U and p16-U] in liver biopsy samples of 11 HCV associated HCC, 17 HCV non-associated HCC, 20 HCV liver tissue samples and 20 non cancerous liver tissue of HCC subjects
Results: In HCC liver tissue with associated HCV infection, p15-W and p16-W were detected in 27. 2% [3/11] samples, p15-M and p16-M were found in 63.6 % [7/11], 72.7 % [8/11] samples whereas p15-U and p16-U were expressed in 36.3 % [4/11], 27.2 % [3/11] samples. On the other hand, HCC liver tissue without HCV associated infection exhibited p15-W and p16-W in 17.6% [3/17] samples, p15-M and p16-M in 88.2% [15/17] samples and p15-U and p16-U in 11.8% [2/17] samples . There was a significant elevation of methylated genes versus wild genes and Whylated genes in non HCV associated HCC [p<0.01]. There was no significant difference between HCV associated and non HCV associated tumour tissue. In non-cancerous tissue, P15-W and P16-W were found in 80% [16/20], p15-M and p16-M were found in 30% [6/20], pIS-U and MU were found in 70% [14/20] samples. In HCV liver tissue samples, p15-W and p16-W were M in 211 samples [100%], p15-M and p16-M were expressed in 30% [6/20], 40% [8/20] sample and p15-U and p16-U were detected in 70% [14/20], 60% [12/20] samples. There was insignificant elevation of methylated gene versus unmethylated genes and wild genes in both non cancerous tissue and in HCV liver tissue. Significant elevation of p15 and p16 methylated genes were found in HCC tumour tissue as compared to non-tumorous tissue and HCV liver tissue [p<0.05]. There was a significant correlation between the methylation of p16/p15 promoters and the pathological grade of HCC [p<0.05]
Conclusion: p16 and p15 gene methylation and transcriptional inactivation may be involved in hepato-carcinogenesis without HCV associated infection. This gene paradigm have a significant correlation with the pathological grade of the tumor and can predict the clinical outcome in HCC
ABSTRACT
Synthesis of new Schiff bases [II] of expected biological activity by reacting 5-nitrobenzo [b] thiophene-2-carboxyaldehyde [I] with different amines and hydrazine hydrate is described. Cyclocondensation of the resulted Schiff bases with thioglycolic acid affords thiazolidin-4-one derivatives [III]. Schiff bases with ortho OH, NH2 or SH substituent in the N-aryl ring, when treated with lead tetra- acetate and/or N-bromosuccinimide, give the cyclization products [IV]. Also when the carboxyaldehyde [I] condensed with different hydrazines, the corresponding hydrazones [V] were obtained. The synthesized compounds showed significant anti-microbial activities
ABSTRACT
Morbidly obese patients have an increased risk of morbidity with open stone surgery. ESWL failure rates have been recorded in obese patients in many centers. This study is designed to evaluate the feasibility of PCNL in this group of patients. Purpose to evaluate the role of PCNL in the management of uorinary stones in morbidly obese patients. Material and Thirty-eight [38] PCNLs were performed on 35 patients. Their age ranged from 40-70 years with a mean age of 50 +/- 13.7 years. BMI [body mass index] ranged from 40-58.6 Kg/m2 with a mean of 45.15 +/- 6.4 Kg/m2. PCNL was done equally on both sides [19 each]. Four patients presented with ureteric stones [upper 1/3rd], 9 patients with staghorn stones, 1 patient with multiple stones in a solitory kidney, and 24 patients with single renal stone. All patients were treated in the prone position. In most cases, the upper or the middle posterior calyceal approach was preferred. A specially designed Amplatz sheath was used. A Pneumatic Lithoclast was used in all the procedures. Residual stones were found in only 4 cases [10.6%] while the remaining 34 cases were stone free [89.4%]. None of patients had significant bleeding and no blood transfusion was required. No major intraoperative anesthetic problems occured. Operative time ranged from 100-185 minutes with a mean of 145 +/- 19.3 minutes. All patients were discharged in the first post-operative day. PCNL is a feasible procedure for treating urinary stones in morbidly obese patients. This option should be offered even in small renal stones in this group of patients
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Nephrostomy, Percutaneous , Obesity , Body Mass Index , Prone Position , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The biochemical changes of the two tested bacterial strains, namely Bacillus licheniformis CF-26, B. licheniformis PWD-28 were studied when were induced by gamma irradiation for the production of keratinase and the utilization of feathers. Chicken feather is an environmental waste of keratinaceous origin. It is obtained annually in huge amounts poor given its degradability and is not efficiently utilized especially in developing countries. In order to improve the production of the keratilytic enzyme using this waste, the gamma rays were employed and variations among the tested bacteria were obtained. Two efficient local bacterial strains [B. licheniformis CF-26 and B. licheniformis PWD-28] were used. The obtained data for gamma irradiation revealed a decrease in the survival probability of the tested bacterial strains. Data also showed that the bacterial cells of the two tested bacterial strains grown in nutrient broth were more sensitive to gamma irradiation than those grown on nutrient agar slant. Some prototrophic and auxotrophic mutants of B. licheniformis PWD-28 significantly increased keratinase activity in all fermentation periods with that of their parent strains. A significant reduction in enzymatic activity was observed for some prototrophic and auxotrophic mutants of B. licheniformis F-26. The results obtained showed a dose-response for mutation frequency, mutagenecity ratio and a relative increase in mutagenecity ratio of gamma irradiation