Human papillomavirus infection prevalence in women referred to health clinic of shahid beheshti university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran

Human papillomavirus [HPV] infection seems to be the most common sexually transmitted infection. High-risk [HR] human papillomavirus [HPV] prevalence has been shown to correlate well with cervical cancer incidence rates. Since there is little known about the epidemiology of this infection in Tehran, we designed to estimate the prevalence of HPV in some areas in Tehran. Cervical specimens were obtained from 825 married women aged 21-59 years from the general population of Tehran, Iran according to the standardised protocol of the IARC International HPV surveys. HPV was detected using a GP5+/6+ PCR-based assay. HPV prevalence in the general population was 7.8% [5.1% of high-risk types], with no statistically significant variations by age. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was diagnosed in 4.1% of women, of whom 35.3% were HPV-positive. HPV1 6 was confirmed as the most common type among women with both normal [1.8%] and abnormal [8.8%] cytology. HPV positivity was significantly higher among divorced women, women in polygamous marriages and those reporting husbands' extramarital affairs. However the prevalence of HPV seems not high in comparison with other international data, more molecular and seroepidemiological survey in national level needs to hâve a better perspective

Woman abuse and pregnancy outcome among women in Khoram Abad, Islamic Republic of Iran

We carried out a descriptive analysis on the pregnancy outcome in 313 pregnant women [153 abused, 160 non-abused]. Abuse was statistically significantly correlated with mean weight gain during pregnancy, mean frequency of the prenatal care, prolonged labour [dystocia], premature rupture of membrane, low mean birth weight and mean gestational age at birth. Given the high likelihood that a woman will access health care services during her pregnancy, physicians providing prenatal care are in a strategic position to screen for partner abuse

[ effect of massage therapy on the severity of labor in primiparous women]

Labor pain is the most severe pain that most of women experience it. Using novel and supportive methods of relieving labor pains such as massage therapy, labor could be a pleasant and enjoyable experience. This study was conducted to determine the effect of massage therapy on the severity of labor pain in primiparous women. In this clinical trial study a total of 60 primiparous women who were hospitalized in Mahdieh and Hedayat hospitals of Tehran were selected using simple random sampling and randomly divided into two groups of control and case [massage therapy]. The severity of pain before intervention [at the beginning of active phase] in the 4, 8, and 10 cm cervical dilation was measured in both groups by means of a Visual Analogue Scale [VAS]. Duration of the first and the second and type of delivery in both groups were investigated. Data in the two groups were compared using independent t and Chai-square tests. Before intervention, the results indicated that there was no significant difference between the two groups. Mean of severity of pain [at the beginning of the active phase] was 5.88 +/- 1.07 and 6.75 +/- 1.39 in the case the control, respectively [P<0.01]. At the beginning of transitional phase, it was 7.09 +/- 0.89 and 8.54 +/- 1.06 [P<0.05] and at the end of the first stage was 9.16 +/- and 9.73, respectively [P<0.05]. The duration of the first stage of the delivery in the case and control was 246.16 +/- 98.82 and 362.50 +/- 111.84, respectively. Regarding the effect of massage therapy in both decreasing of labor pain and in the acceleration of delivery, education and then using of the method in labor centers would result in decreasing of proposed caesarean sections

Effect of massage therapy on pain severity and labor of primipara

Labor pain is a sort of pain experienced with most of the women. This pain is more and longer among primipara. This can result in invert effects such as fear, Loss of selfconfidence and anxiety. New supportive methods such as massage therapy can change labor to a pleasant event The present study is a quasi-experimental research titled ad " effect of massage therapy on pain severity and final result of labor in primipara woman". The subjects were hospitalized in two elective maternity hospitals in Tehran [2003]. Samples of the research were 60 primipara women having qualifications for the research. Sampling was done with convenient sampling. For data collecting, questionnaires and pain evaluation scales were used. Technique of massage was Effleurage that is a kind of Swedish massage exhibited for the first time in labor by Lindakimber. Before administrating any interventions, severity of pain was measured [in the beginning of active phase], in 4cm dilatation in two groups of women. Next, after massage therapy, severity of pain in 4, 8, 10cm dilatation of cervix was measured and compared with another group. Then, final result of Labor, duration of the phases 1,2 and type of labor in two groups, were compared and assessed. Research findings have been showed in table 15 and chart 7. For data analysis, SPSS software and descriptive and deductive statistical methods were used. The findings showed that there was a significant difference between mean pain severity in the first phase in massage therapy group and the control group in three initial phases of active phase [P=0.00q] and the beginning of transitive phase [P=0.014] and the end of first phase [P=0.01]. Duration of the first labor phase in groups of massage therapy and contrel was different. Results of cervix were decreased, in those group, which had massage therapy, compared with another group.This method is highly recommended as a non pharmacological method to decrease pain and duration of phase 1 babor and even to decrease fear and anxiety of normal labor in women.