[Correlation between family processes and self-esteem in depressed patients]

Introduction: Depression is a common mood disorder that causes distortion of the patient's self-esteem. The first and most important factor in the formation of self-esteem is an interaction with family members. As one of the main risk factors of depression is distress in family processes, that means family functions in various conditions, therefore the present study was aimed to investigate the correlation between family processes and self-esteem in depressed patients

Methods: 180 depressed patients were selected by propose sampling. A questionnaire completed by self-report was used for data collection. It included 3 parts: demographic, family process scale and Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Data was analyzed by version 17 SPSS software

Results: Family processes score in majority of samples was mediocre [53/86]. The samples maximum and minimum score was in religious belief [7/55] and decision making [4/18] dimensions respectively. The self-esteem score in majority of samples was mediocre. Also results show that a positive and significant correlation between all the family processes dimensions, expect religious belief dimension, and self-esteem [p<0/00]

Conclusion: In general, majority of samples had a mediocre family processes and self-esteem, indicating a significant and positive correlation between family processes and self-esteem

[ correlation of family functioning dimensions and self-concept of adolescent smokers in Zanjan]

Use of tobacco products is a most common problem among adolescents. Few researches have been conducted on correlation of family functioning and self-concept among adolescent smokers. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation of family functioning dimensions and self-concept of adolescent smokers in Zanjan In this descriptive-correlational study, 100 male adolescent smokers were selected by purposive sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection that included 3 parts: 1- demographic characteristics 2- Mc Master Family Assessment Device 3- Beck Self-Concept Test. Face and content and validity index of instruments were measured. Reliability of the instrument was determined by internal consistency for Mc Master Family Assessment Device [Alpha=0.81], Beck Self-Concept Test [Alpha=0.91] and test- retest method [Ghe=0.84] and [Ghe=0.91] respectively. Data was analyzed by SPSS/16. Results showed that the highest and lowest dimensions of family functioning were problem solving function and roles function respectively. Most subjects [88%] had average family functioning and only 4% of them had high family functioning. In addition, results illustrated that, 61% of subjects had neutral self-concept. There was a significant correlation between family functioning and self-concept and affective response had the highest score than other dimensions of family functioning [r=0.34, P=0.000]. The results of the study showed that adolescents' self-concepts were correlated with family functioning. Therefore, creating a supportive family environment and parenting education, should be incorporated in nursing interventions of smoking prevention

[Effect of oral gastric tube insertion during anesthesia induction on nausea and vomiting of adenotonsillectomized patients]

Nausea and vomiting are from the most common complications of surgery during recovery. Adenotonsillectomy is a common surgery among children, which can be followed by some complications such as nausea, vomiting, bleeding, and even death in some cases. There are some medical and nonmedical remedies to decrease nausea and vomiting. A nonmedical therapeutic procedure is reduction of abdominal pressure using oral gastric tube. This study aims to assess effects of gastric tube insertion during anesthesia induction on nausea and vomiting of adenotonsillectomized patients. This study was a clinical trial on 72 adenotonsillectomised children aged 6 to 12 years old in Shahid Montazeri hospital of Najaf-Abad. Patients were randomly divided to two groups of case group [36 Children with oral gastric tube] and controls group [36 children without oral gastric tube]. Anesthesia method for both groups was similar. Frequency of nausea and vomiting were measured during the 24 hours following adenotonsillectomy. Data was analyzed using SPSS 15 and Mannwhithney U, Chi square, Spearman, Friedman and wilcoxon tests. Two groups were not significantly different regarding their demographic characteristics such as age, sex and weight [p>0.05]. Frequencies of nausea and vomiting were significantly lower in the intervention group comparing to the control group in the first 2 hours in recovery room as well as in the first 2, 6, and 14 hours of patient attendance in the postsurgical ward [P

[Prevalence and molecular characterization of rotaviruses from children with acute diarrhea in Tabriz]

Rotavirus is the common cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children. Hence it is required to investigate rotavirus infection in diarrheal samples in order to determine the prevalence and predominant genotypes for controlling the misusage of antibiotics and vaccination. To determine the prevalence and predominant genotypes of rotavirus in children under five years of age with acute diarrhea in Tabriz. Rotaviruses were detected by ELISA in stool samples collected during one year [2005-2006] from children under five years old, admitted to Pediatric Center, in Tabriz. Positive samples in standard condition transferred in our laboratory [RCGLD] and RT-PCR were used for genotyping. In total of 213 samples, 113 samples were positive for group A rotavirus. Prevalence of rotavirus infection was 54%. Samples were typed as follows: G1 [21.4%], G2[3.1%], G4[42.9%], G2+G4[5.1%], G1+G4[17.3%] and G1+G2+G4[3.1%]. Genotype G9+G4 was detected in one sample [1%]. P [8] was found in 68.4% of samples, P [4+8] 12.2%, P [4] 12.2%, P [6] 2%. The major finding of our study was that the main cause of infectious gastroenteritis in Tabriz occurs by rotavirus. The most prevalent genotyping were G4 P[8], vaccination may be the best way to control rotavirus

Laser Sub-epithelial Keratectomy Vs laser in Situ Keratomileusis for correction of Myopia

To compare long-term results of excimer laser sub-epithelial keratectomy [LASEK] and laser in situ keratomileusis [LASIK] for low to moderate myopia. In a comparative case series, visual outcomes in 415 LASIK-treated eyes [212 patients] and 359 LASEK-treated eyes [194 patients] with myopia ranging from -1.5 to -5 diopters [D] and astigmatism up to -2.75 D using a flying spot excimer laser [Technolas 217] by a single surgeon were analyzed. Patients were divided into mild and moderate myopia. Uncorrected and corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, and complications were evaluated. Patients' age ranged from 19 to 47 years. Uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 89.3% of LASEK treated eyes and 90.7% of LASIK treated eyes at about 2 years follow-up [P>0.05]. Spherical equivalent within +/- 0.5 D of emmetropia was achieved in 83.3% of eyes in the LASEK group and 84.7% of eyes in the LASIK group [P>0.05]. None of the eyes lost 2 or more lines of BCVA.LASEK is a safe and effective procedure that provides excellent refractive and visual results with no serious complications. It can be considered as an alternative refractive surgery for correction of low to moderate myopia

[Comparison of two techniques: photorefractive keratectomy versus laser in situ keratomileusis for low myopia]

To determine the efficacy, safety and stability of these techniques and some factors affecting refractive and visual outcomes in treated patients. 236 LASIK-treated eyes [122 patients] and 218 PRK-treated eyes [112 patients] with myopia and myopic-astigmatism between 1.25 and -4 diopters [D] underwent refractive surgery over an 11 month period by a single surgeon. Patients were compared between and within groups retrospectively. Refractive surgery was performed with the flying spot Technolas excimer laser. Preoperative and postoperative evaluation included uncorrected visual acuity [UCVA], best corrected visual acuity [BCVA], and cycloplegic refraction. Patients were between 18-47 years of age and female outnumbered males by a factor of two. There was no significant difference in the baseline refractive and visual values. In final examination 94.7% of LASIK cases and 93.3% of PRK cases had uncorrected visual acuity of 20/25 or better. Refractions within +/- 0.5 D represented 91.1% of LASIK eyes and 90.6% of PRK eyes over 3 years of follow up, indicating slightly better results in LASIK-treated eyes but the difference between two groups was not statistically significant [P>0.05 for all comparison]. PRK and LASIK are found to be similarly effective and predictive of correction myopia. In eyes with mild myopia, there was little insignificant difference in refractive and visual outcomes between flap-based and PRK-based procedure

[Outcomes of keratoprosthesis at Labbafinejad medical center]

To evaluate the results of keratoprosthesis [KPS] at Labbafinejad Medical Center. In this case-series 29 eyes of 27 patients who underwent KPS between 1995-2002 were evaluated for results and complications. Patients included 22 male and five female subjects. Diagnoses included chemical burn [17 cases], Stevens-Johnson syndrome [three cases], ocular cicatricial pemphigoid [seven cases], corneal retransplantation [one case] and old corneal scar [one case]. Preoperative visual acuity was hand motion or light perception [no light perception, hand motion, or light perception in the fellow eyes],. Prostheses were Girard in 20 cases, tibiakeratoprosthesis in 3 cases, and Dohlman type 1, Dohlman type 2 and Pintucci, each in two cases. Postoperative visual acuity improved in 21 patients [72.4%] of which 66.7% experienced major complications including bacterial endophthalmitis [42.9%], retinal detachment [28.6%], uncontrolled glaucoma [21.4%], and spontaneous extrusion [7.1%]. Although KPS is hopeful in the short term with acceptable initial results, the long-term complication rate is high and the prognosis is poor. So it is better that KPS be preceded with safer procedures such as keratolimbal graft especially in young patients

[Simultaneous surgical and medical treatment of late filtering bleb leakage]

Purpose: to evaluate the effect of simultaneous surgical and medical treatment on cases with late filtering bleb leakage

Methods: the study was a comparative clinical trial including patients who had late filtering bleb leakage unresponsive to medical treatment after glaucoma filtering surgery with blurred vision and tearing. They underwent surgical bleb revision by conjunctival advancement or free autologous conjunctival graft in association with nonsurgical therapy including pressure patching and systemic acetazolamide 250 mgl6 hrs. for five days. Patients were followed up for at least three months and measures of success were controlled leakage and increase of intraocular pressure to more than 6 mmHg. Complications such as bleb infection, endophthalmitis, etc. were recorded

Results: the study was performed on 12 patients including 7 males and 5 females with a mean age of 5 1.5 +/- 1 0.7 years, and mean follow up of 9 +/- 5.4 months. Postoperatively, leakage ceased perfectly in all patients after a mean duration of 1.7 +/- 1 days. Preoperative intraocular pressure was less than 6 mmHg [2.7 +/- 2.1 mmHg] in all patients which rised to more than 6 mmHg [17 +/- 6.4 mmHg] in all [F'<0. 000 1]. Postoperative intraocular pressure was under control without any medication in 8 cases, with 1 drug in 1 patient, and with 2 drugs in 1 patient, but was not controlled in 2 patients even with 3 drugs. Complications such as bleb infection, endophthalmitis, peripheral anterior synechia, cataract, maculopathy, and permanent hypotonia were not seen during the follow up period

Conclusion: it seems that simultaneous surgical and medical therapy of late filtering bleb leakage is more effective than each alone