ABSTRACT
Background: The evidence regarding the use of female condoms [FCs] in the South Asian [SA] population living in London is lacking. This primary study aimed at investigating FC use and its predictors for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections [STIs] among South Asian [SA] females who were living in London and were sexually active. For this purpose, a survey wa conducted in London during July 2009. Methods: A total of 136 females within the age range of 19 to 35 years were recruited in the study. A self completed questionnaire was used to investigate their socio-demographic characteristics, habits regarding condom use, knowledge, and behaviour regarding FC use. Of the total population, 121 returned the questionnaire and eventually participated in the study. The data were analyzed at bivariate and multivariate levels. All the test were performed using SPSS. The significant level was set up at p-value<0.05 with 95% CI. Results: Among the surveyed females 2.5% of FC use was found. Knowledge regarding FC was significantly associated with FC use in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Females having higher levels of knowledge, acceptable [OR=68.8; 95% CI, 4.50 to 1054], good [OR=61.6; 95% CI, 2.86 to 1326], and extensive [OR=65.7; 95% CI, 0.78 to 5530] were more likely to use FC than females having poor and inadequate knowledge. Conclusion: Low prevalence of FC use and the association of higher levels of knowledge with its increased use suggest the need to educate SA females about FCs and their role in preventing STIs
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The estrogen receptor (ER), which is over-expressed in ER-positive breast tumors, has been imaged by positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F] labeled estrogen ligands, especially [18F]FES. However, [18F] has relatively short-lived half-life (t1/2=1.8 h) and the labeling yield of radio-fluorination is usually low compared with 64Cu (t1/2=12.7 h). 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) is used to form stable metal complexes with copper, indium, gallium, and gadolinium. With these in mind, we prepared cyclen-based Cu complexes which mimic estradiol in aspect of two hydroxyl groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 1,7-Protected cyclen, 1,7-bis (benzyloxycarbonyl)-cyclen was synthesized according to the reported procedure. After introducing two 4-benzyloxybenzyl groups at 4,10-positions, the benzyloxycarbonyl and benzyl groups were removed at the same time by hydrogenation on Pd/C to give 1,7-bis(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (1). RESULTS: The prepared ligand 1 was fully characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometer. The synthesized ligand was reacted with copper chloride and copper perchlorate to give copper complexes [Cu(1)]2+2(ClO4-) and [Cu(1)Cl]+Cl- which were confirmed by high-resolution mass (FAB). CONCLUSION: We successfully synthesized a cyclen derivative of which two phenol groups are located on trans position of N-atoms. And, two Cu(II) complexes of +2 and +1 overall charge, were prepared as a potential PET tracers for ER imaging.