ABSTRACT
The cost of replacing toothbrushes at frequent intervals may be prohibitive in underdeveloped countries. The objective of this study in Tehran was to compare the plaque removal efficacy of new and 3-month-old toothbrushes in children. In a randomized, crossover study, 93 children aged 7-9 years old received a new manual toothbrush to use twice per day for 3 months. Plaque scores were measured using the modified Quigley-Hein plaque index after children had brushed for 60 seconds with either a new or their used toothbrush. Bristle wear of worn brushes was assessed by measuring brushing surface areas on digital images. Compared with new brushes in the same subjects, no statistically significant differences were found for plaque score reductions for 3-month-old toothbrushes exhibiting various degrees of wear. Worn toothbrushes are equally effective as new ones for children
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Toothbrushing , Dental Plaque , Dental Plaque IndexABSTRACT
Upper gastrointestinal tract [gastroduodenal] Crohn's disease [CD] is an uncommon condition, occurring in about 1-5% of all CD cases. Our case was an extremely rare manifestation of CD, who presented with distal duodenal obstruction. As preoperative diagnosis was not established he underwent segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis. Postoperative small bowel fistulae were not observed, and there was no morbidity during the follow up period. There were no disturbances in digestive function
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Duodenum , Intestinal Obstruction , General Surgery , Crohn Disease/diagnosis , Disease ManagementABSTRACT
Medullary thyroid carcinoma [MTC], comprising 5-10% of all cancers, is a rare malignancy which frequently spreads to cervical lymph nodes. Occurring in both the sporadic and familial forms, the latter accounts for 20-25% of cases, while the former is considered the most frequent type. We report a case of metastatic MTC presented with cervical lymphadenopathy in a patient without evidences of MTC in thyroid gland