ABSTRACT
Objectives: Hepatitis C virus [HCV] genotyping is important for treatment and epidemiological purposes. The objective was to determine HCV genotype and their associations with certain risk factors at University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre [UKMMC]
Methods: A total of 89 samples were collected from December 2009 to January 2011. Demographic data of patients were collected from medical record. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase chain reaction [RT PCR] was performed and sixty-four samples yielded positive for HCV. Sequencing was performed and analyzed based on sequence information in GenBank. Statistical analysis were done using SPSS version 15
Results: HCV genotype 3 [73%] was the most frequent genotype, followed by genotype 1[27%]. The distribution of HCV genotype/ subtype was as follows: 3a [64.8%], 1a [13.5%], 1 [10.8%], 3 [8.1%] and 1b [2.7%]
Conclusions: HCV subtypes 3a, 1a, and 1b were identified in patients at UKMMC, Malaysia with subtype 3a being the most prevalent. No significant association was found between HCV genotypes and patients' demographic data
ABSTRACT
A new series of 2-[[E]-2-furan-2-yl-vinyl]-3H-quinazolin-4-ones incorporated into diverse N, O and S heterocyclic moieties of bioavailability as.5-oxo-4,5-dihydropyrazole 4, 3,5-dimethylpyrazole 5, 5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole 6, substituted thiazolidinones 8 and 1,3,4-thiadiazole 10, were synthesized by cyclization of the starting quinazolinone acid hydrazide 3 or the acid hydrazide Schiff bases 7 using ethyl acetoacetate, acety I acetone, ammoniumthiocyanate, thioglycolic acid and/or phosphorus pentasulphide, respectively. Other related derivatives such as quinazoline thiosemi - carbazides II and 1,3,4-oxadiazoles 12 were also synthesized. The acid hydrazide 3 showed moderate antimicrobial activity While the starting benzoic acid ethyl ester 2 showed promising anti-inflammatory activity but has no effect on liver carcinoma [HePG2] or brain carcinoma [U251] cell lines
Subject(s)
Benzoic Acid/chemical synthesis , Hydrazones/chemistry , Pyrazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Simple multivariate spectrophotometric procedure for simultaneous determination of levofloxacin and norfloxacin as representative examples of fluoroquinolones and their decarboxylated degradation products is described. The method is based on the spectrophotometric measurements of the studied drugs and their degradants in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solutions in the general range of 200-370 nm together with multivariate calibration analysis. The components of mixtures composed of either levofloxacin or norfloxacin and the corresponding degradant. show a considerable degree of spectral overlapping [85.1-87.4%]. Resolution of the binary mixtures under investigation has been accomplished mainly by using classical least squares [CLS] analysis. The method is applied successfully for determination of each drug in pure form, laboratory prepared degraded samples and in expired commercial dosage forms and good recoveries were obtained. Results were compared to those obtained by reported procedures for the same combinations and the required statistical parameters were calculated. The degradation rates for the studied drugs at 150° in 2 M HCl were also studied using the proposed procedure. The calculated first order rate constants for the decarboxylation of the studied drugs were found 0.109 and 0.082 hour -1 and the t 1/2 were 6.32 and 8.50 hours for levofloxacin and norfloxacin respectively
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents , Spectrophotometry , Ofloxacin , Norfloxacin , Drug MonitoringABSTRACT
This study was carried out to compare the ultrastructure of human enamel [deciduous and permanent] with enamel of other seven animals of dental interest. Lower central incisors were etched with 30% orthophosphoric acid subjected to scanning electron microscopic examinations. The electron microscopic examination revealed the characteristic features of each species. Aprismatic enamel was more frequent in deciduous than permanent incisors and other studied experimental animals. Prismatic pattern varied in different species which probably met the functional demands of the teeth. However, rodent incisors showed the most complex and highly organized enamel structure within these mammalia. In addition, the arrangement and the course of enamel prisms [presented as Hunter-Schreger bands in longitudinal sections] in different species was genetically determined whereas the cross striations were due to variations in the width of enamel prisms