ABSTRACT
Objective: This study was designed to note downvariations in the way of attachment of the crura ofthoraco abdominal diaphragm and the way theyform the median arch in view of their role as abarrier in gastro esophageal reflux and in designingesophageal hiatus
The Study Methodology: Itwas carried out in the anatomy department ofPunjab medical college Faisalabad during yearsfrom 2006 to 2010. A total number of 45 humancadavers were dissected for this study. The observedvariations were recorded and analysed
Results andConclusion: The crura at their vertebral attachmentseen divided into slips both on right and left sides in64.4% of the cases. In the remaining 35.6% of thecases they did not show this division on either side.Two slips were noted in 48.9% of cases on rightside and in 60% of cases on the left side. The medialmost slips of both sides joined each other to formmedian arch in 88.9% of cases. In 22.2% of casesthe arch formed at level between 1st and 2nd lumbarvertebra. Identification of these anatomicalvariations would be helpful in understanding thebases and treatment of gastroesophageal refluxdisease and hiatal hernia etc
ABSTRACT
Talus and Calcaneum are involved in the transmission of body weight to the ground, considerable variation in the morphological features and weight of these bones have been reported by various authors, To determine the importance of bone weight as a discriminative factor in identification of sex. 198 calcanei and 150 tali from Anatomy department of Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bahawalpur were selected for the study. Mean weight of male and female bones on right and left side were determined. To increase the efficacy of the results they were statistically reevaluated by applying 3SD and determining a calculated range. From this range, D.P. or demarcating points were established. Bones of the right side were found to be heavier than those of the left side; also the mean weights of the male bones were greater than those of the female bones, on applying D.P.s it was possible to identify sex with greater accuracy than with other metrical criteria. These findings suggest that weight of tarsal bones is a useful metrical feature for sex determination