ABSTRACT
Background: In COIVD 19 pandemic there were reports which have stated that 70% of HCWs are under psychosocial distress [12] that抯 why it becomes more important to find out to what extent psychosocial distress has affected the knowledge of ICP and its quality of measures. Objectives: To findan association between the psychosocial condition of health workersand ICP measured followed. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted among the health workers who worked for COVID 19 through a self-reporting questionnaire with a google form from September 2020 to October 2020. Demographical, ICP measure and psychosocial data were collected from 42 HCWswho have worked in COVID 19 for more than 30 days. Analysis was done by PSPP, Epi info, R and excel. Results: ICPM scale (ICP Measure Followed by HCW) which was the dependent variable and independent variables were T & E (Training and Education), SSRS (Social Support Rate Scale), SRAS (Self-Rating Anxiety Scale), SRDS (Self-Rating Depression Scale), GSES (General Self-Efficacy Scale ), SASR (Stanford Acute Stress Reaction), PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), Age, Duty hours per day, Hours in PPE per day and violence. By SEM (Structural equation model) association was found between the SSRS score effect on ICPM score (? = 0.38, P = 0.000), Hour in PPE score effect on ICPM score (? = 0.21, P = 0.023), violence effect on ICPM score (? = 0.32, P = 0.001) and SRDS score negatively affect on ICPM score (? = - 0.17, P = 0.059) with Adjusted R Square of 0.6 at P=0.000, RMSEA 0.000, SRMR 0.002, GFI 1.00, AGFI 1.00, NFI 1.00, NNFI 1.00, CFI 1.00, ECVI 0.571. Conclusions: A significant association was found between ICP measures followed by HCWs and training education given to them, social support, hours spent in PPE, violence. Even a significant association was seen between violence and sleep quality, the anxiety of HCWs.
ABSTRACT
Background: Malnutrition among under-five children is a foremost public health problem across India. United Nation estimates that 6.3 million under age-five mortality were occurred in India, of which 45% died due to malnutrition. The objective of the study was to find out the prevalence and factor associated with malnutrition in term of underweight, stunning, and wasting in children under five years of age in peri-tribal areas. Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted at the Anganwadi centres in 6 villages under the Rural Health Training Centre. Out of nine Anganwadi centres, five were selected using systematic random sampling method. Total of 370 children aged below five years were selected. Results: Among the 370 children aged 0-5 years, (29.1%) children were normally nourished, (70.79%) children were malnourished and had one or more form of malnutrition. Only stunting was present in (19.5%) children and only wasting was present in (8.9%) children. Children (5.94%) was suffering from underweight and stunting both. Stunting and wasting both was present in (22.16%) children and wasting and underweight both was present in (10.5%) children. respectively, (1%) Children were suffering from underweight, stunting and wasting. All three indices (Underweight, Stunting & Wasting) of under nutrition were found to be higher in low-birth-weight children. Conclusion: Mother's educational qualification is strongly associated with nutritional status of their children. This might be due to better health care practices in terms of proper exclusive breast feeding, in-time complementary feeding and quality and quantity of complementary feeding among literate mothers as compared to illiterate mothers.
ABSTRACT
Background: H1N1 virus has caused a major pandemic worldwide creating a global havoc. The Infection till now has claimed over 14,000 lives. Even after the declaration of the end of pandemic there are still epidemics & sporadic cases reported from many parts of India, which shows that the lacunae left in the awareness among the people. Aims & Objective: (1) To find out the awareness regarding H1N1 influenza among urban population of Surendranagar. (2) To elucidate the correlation of the awareness with the socio demographic characteristics. Material and Methods: Sample selection was by simple random technique & size of the sample was 742. A cross sectional house to house survey was carried out. The obtained data was analyzed using SPSS for windows. Results: Out of the 742 subjects, 272 were males and 470 females with mean age of 37.31 ± 17.58. Out of the total no. of subjects, only 430 (57.95%) had heard of swine flu. Majority of the families (70.88%) were from Social Class 1 (Modified Prasad’s Classification). Out of those who had heard of swine flu, 43.48% of the individuals knew that the disease transmission was through Coughing, sneezing and airborne. About 42.99% of subjects knew about the major symptoms like fever, coryza and dyspnoea. Conclusion: There was a large no. of individuals in the population who had not heard of swine flu, indicating that in spite of the health education; there has been some loophole in conveying the knowledge regarding the disease to the people, showing an urgent need of more large scale IEC activities.
ABSTRACT
Background: Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity & mortality in children. One of the most cost effective & easy methods for child survival is immunization. In May 1974, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially launched a global immunization programme known as Expanded Programme of immunization (EPI) to protect all the children of the world against 6 Vaccine Preventable Diseases by the year 2000. It was later redesignated as Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) since 1985. The objectives of this study were to assess the dropout rate and primary immunization coverage of children aged 12-23 months in Surendranagar city and to know the various reasons for partially or not immunizing the child. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study. Thirty clusters were selected out of a total of 282 blocks of Surendranagar using the cluster sampling method. Cluster sampling method was used for sample selection and the proforma designed by UNICEF was used as a study tool. Sample size was 210 children (7 Children from each cluster) of aged 12-23 months. The obtained data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests like Z test and X2 test. Results: Out Of the 210 surveyed children, 121(57.62%) were males and 89(42.38%) were females. Immunization card was available for 69.52% of children and fully immunized were 70.47%. Coverage was highest for BCG (95.71%) followed by OPV3 (82.85%), DPT3 (79.52%) and lowest for measles (75.23%). As far as the dropout rate is concerned, it was 21.39%, 10.21%, and 9.37% for BCG to measles, DPT1 to DPT3, and OPV1 to OPV3, respectively. Amongst the various reasons main reasons for dropout or unimmunization of children were ignorance in about 64% and lack of information regarding time, place and schedule (21%). Conclusions: Improvement should focus on reducing the dropout rate from DPT2/OPV2 to DPT3/OPV3 and improving coverage of measles and also Vitamin A.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Increased attention to health promotion and disease prevention are important for the appropriate care of the elderly. With the increasing life expectancy, a focus on preventive measures to decrease morbidity and improve quality of life in old age has also developed. To that end, health behavior and lifestyle have become important areas of concern over the last 20 years. Social factors lay a significant impact on the health practices. This study was therefore taken up to study the above factor and draw conclusions. Aims and objectives: 1. To study the various health practices of the elderly. 2. To find out association between the socio demographic features and the prevailing health practices. Methods: A Cross sectional analytical study was carried out. All the subjects were interviewed personally to know the details and were treated with due respect after a consent. Out of all the talukas in rural Surendranagar, Sayla was selected randomly after which Sayla village was selected in a similar manner from all the villages in the talukas. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 68±7.5. Majority of the subjects were unemployed and illiterate (58%). Social factors like Social class, staying with children and staying in joint family were significantly associated with good health practices. Conclusions: The Health practices of the elderly can be improved upon by large scale health education programmes which can be targeted on the age group. Patient compliance improvement can be achieved by explaining them about the disease and treatment protocol in detail at the time of their health visit.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: In the sacrococcygeal region anatomical variations are related with change in the number of sacral vertebra by union of first coccyx with sacrum. This study is carried to know the prevalence of sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra in Gujarat Method: The present study of sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra was carried out on 189 dry human sacra of gujarati population,115 male and 74 female. Result: Sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra was seen in 45(23.8 %)cases Conclusion:This study considers several issues pertaining to fusion of the coccyx to the sacrum,including prevalence,sexual differences,effect on pelvic size and obstetrical and evolutionary implications. Clinally,the sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra is of paramount importance to surgeons especially pediatric surgeons and obstetricians.as it is a less known variant.
ABSTRACT
Background: The femur is thighbone. The angle of femoral torsion is the angle obtaining between the transverse axes of the neck and head that of the lower end of the bone. In the adult, the angle measures about 12 to 15 degrees, but it is considerably greater in the fetus and at birth averages 40 degrees. In postnatal development a reduction of the FNA angle usually occurs during growth. Aim: to evaluate femoral torsion value on dried femora and to find the difference between Japanese, Caucasian and Indian femoral torsion. Method: The present study was carried out on 200 dry normal adult human femora. The bones studied were free of any pathological condition. The male bones were 117 and 83 were female femora out of 200 dried femora. Out of 111 were left and 89 were right femora. The gender of each specimen was determined by the recognized established practice. The angle of anteversion as measured by placing the femur on the osteometric board, the horizontal surface represents the retrocondylar axis and the plane of reference against which the anteversion is measured with the help of the axis of head and neck of the femur. Results: The average anteversion is 16.1 and 15.65 on the right and left sides respectively in male, 18.17 and 17.95 on the right and left sides respectively in female. Statistical analysis using ‘z’ test revealed significant (p<0.05), greater average anteversion in female bones and right-left variations, being greater on the right side. Conclusion: The objective measurement of this angle is of paramount importance in orthopedic surgery for total replacement to attain a normal activity of the replaced joint.
ABSTRACT
Rabies, a disease of antiquity continues to be a major public health problem in India. Multiple factors contribute to high mortality and morbidity due to animal bites. An effective strategy for control of rabies takes into account the epidemiology of animal bites, rabies and factors influencing post exposure treatment. The study was carried out as a part of Agreement for Performance of Work (APW) from World Health Organization (WHO) during the period April 2001 to September 2002. Two sets of proformae were developed and used after field testing to interview cases of animal bites and get retrospective information about rabies cases. The study was carried out at six selected centres across the country viz. Delhi, Hyderabad, Raipur, Jamnagar, Coonoor and Rajahmundry and was co-ordinated by National Institute of Communicable Diseases (NICD), Delhi. The officials engaged in the study work were thoroughly trained in the study methodology before the start of the study itself. To maintain quality and uniformity supervisory checks were done during the survey. A total of 1357 fresh animal bite victims were interviewed (exit interview) from the anti-rabies centres (ARCs). Dog bites caused maximum morbidity (92%). Second most common biting animal was monkey (3.2%), followed by cat (1.8%), fox (0.4%) etc. Most bites (64.3%) were unprovoked bites by stray (64.7%) animals. In this study 72.4% animal bite victims were males and 47.5% were children in age group of 2-18 years. 63% had Category III exposure as per the WHO classification. Before coming to ARCs 58.5% people had washed the wound with water/soap or water alone. Some of the bite victims (10.8%) had also applied chillies, salt, turmeric powder, lime, snuff powder, paste of leaves, acid, ash given by Peer Baba (magician) etc. These practices varied from one region to another. The practice of wound washing at the ARC which is an important component of animal bite management was being practiced at only one of the six centres. Of the six centres, Rabies Immunoglobulin (RIG) was available and was being used at only two centres. The study was conducted in public sector ARCs where Nervous Tissue Vaccine (NTV) was available free of cost. All the centres were using NTV except Coonoor, which is using indigenously produced Tissue Culture Vaccine along with NTV. Analysis of 192 case records of rabies cases, from two centres, revealed that dog bites caused maximum mortality (96.9%). Nearly 40% were children below 15 years of age and 78.6% were males indicating that it is an exposure related disease. In all cases, failure to seek timely and appropriate treatment led to development of disease. This paper provides an overview of epidemiology of animal bites and retrospective information about rabies patients. There is a need to strengthen Information, Education and Communication (IEC) programme regarding merits of local wound management including "do's and don'ts". ARCs should be strengthened in terms of facilities and availability of safe and effective anti rabies immunobiologicals. There is a need to create awareness regarding epidemiology and at-home and hospital management of animal bites among the service providers and general community.