Medical error and related factors during internship and residency.

t is difficult to determine the real incidence of medical errors due to the lack of a precise definition of errors, as well as the failure to report them under certain circumstances. We carried out a cross- sectional study in Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2013. The participants were selected through the census method. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, which consisted of questions on the participants’ demographic data and questions on the medical errors committed. The data were analysed by SPSS 19. It was found that 270 participants had committed medical errors. There was no significant difference in the frequency of errors committed by interns and residents. In the case of residents, the most common error was misdiagnosis and in that of interns, errors related to history-taking and physical examination. Considering that medical errors are common in the clinical setting, the education system should train interns and residents to prevent the occurrence of errors. In addition, the system should develop a positive attitude among them so that they can deal better with medical errors.

In vitro study of the effect of artimisinin on promastigotes and amastigotes of leishmania major

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an endemic infectious disease considered to be a crucial health problem in many countries, including Iran. As such, there is a need for new medications with few side effects. In the present research we have studied the effect of artimisinin on Leishmania major [L. major] and cell death in vitro. A specific number of promastigotes of L. major were grown in the presence of different concentration of artimisinin to achieve IC[50] of the drug. The MTT method was applied to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the artiminisinin on L. major. Various densities of this drug were applied to study the induction of apoptosis by flow cytometry on L. major promastigotes. We calculated the IC[580] of artimisinin to be 25 microg/ml by promastigote assay. Promastigotes were incubated at 72 hours incubation with various doses of artimisinin [10, 25, 50 and 100 microg/ml]. The dose 100 ?g/ml showed the most apoptosis [68.16%] by Annexin-V FITC. Whereas the 10 microg/ml dose had the least apoptosis [12.78%]. There was no change in the control group. According to MTT, the toxic effect of artiminisinin on L. major promastigotes increased with increasing drug concentration. This study revealed that artimisinin has a little toxic effect on macrophages. According to the flow cytometry and MTT results, artimisinin can be suggested as an appropriate drug for in vivo antileishmanial study