ABSTRACT
Oil-in-water emulsion has promised values in food, pharmaceutical, drug, cosmetic and allied industries. The stable emulsion with long shelf life increases its utility. Many avouring agents are used to increase shelf life as preservative or commercial value. Food grade acids are used to in the emulsion preparation which enhances the taste or avour. The present study focuses the usage of acetic acid, phosphoric acid and oxalic acid. The emulsions for different acids are prepared ranging concentration from 0.001 to 0.003M using lecithin as emulsier and sunower oil. Experiments were done to study organoleptic properties with respect to basicity and dissociation constant values. The colour of the primary emulsion was creamy white and sustainable for acetic acid emulsion to 28 day at experimental temperature 10, 25 and 40 0C. Oxalic acid is recorded a low pH value 1.88 for 0.003 M emulsion solution in compare with acetic acid (3.63) and phosphoric acid (2.32).The relative conductance measurement for oxalic acid shows a very high value 5.6mS to acetic acid 0.257mS and phosphoric acid 0.247 mS. The rst dissociation constant value 5.6x10-2 of oxalic acid is larger relatively compare to phosphoric acid 7.5 x 10-3 and acetic acid 1.8 x10-5. Basicity of acids increases from acetic acid (mono basic), oxalic acid (dibasic) to phosphoric acid (tri-basic).These results strongly supports that basicity and dissociation constant values of acids conspicuously inuence the stability of the emulsion. Higher value of dissociation constant value and basicity, lower the stability of the emulsion.
ABSTRACT
Introduction– Regional anaesthesia is the method of choice for most elderly patients undergoing elective lower limb orthopedic surgery since it results in reduced blood loss and transfusion needs, modification of the neuroendocrine stress response, producing less postoperative delirium and deep vein thrombosis. Subarachnoid block (SAB) is the most commonly used technique for these procedures as this is the low cost, quickest, most predictable and reliable method of regional anaesthesia. In this study, we aimed to compare the effect of low dose bupivacaine plus fentanyl, and bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine in terms of characteristics of subarachnoid block, hemodynamic changes, postoperative analgesia and side effects in elderly patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery. Method– The present cross sectional prospective hospital based study was conducted in the department of anaesthesia, pt J.N.M medical college Raipur (C.G.) India, during study period July 2017 to June 2018. Sixty ASA II and III, elderly patients scheduled to undergo elective lower limb orthopaedic surgeries were allocated into two groups to receive either bupivacaine plus fentanyl (group F) or bupivacaine plus dexmedetomidine (group D) intrathecally. The onset and duration of sensory and motor block, maximum sensory block level and time to achieve highest level of block, duration of analgesia, sedation scores, hemodynamic changes and side effects were recorded and statistically compared between two groups. Results– The groups were comparable with respect to age, height, and weight, and ASA physical status.There was no significant difference between both the groups regarding onset time of sensory block and motor block. Group D had significantly longer duration of sensory block. Motor block was prolonged in group D as compared to group F. The mean duration of analgesia in Group D was 214±39.8 min while it was 369± 33.98 min in Group F, which was statistically significant (p=0.0001). There was no significant difference in hemodynamic parameters and side effects between both the groups. Conclusion– Dexmedetomidine and fentanyl as adjuvant with low dose intrathecal bupivacaine provides satisfactory anesthesia and analgesia with haemodynamic stability in elderly patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgeries. However, the clinical advantage of dexmedetomidine over fentanyl is that, it prolongs duration of block and provides excellent quality of post–operative analgesia compared to fentanyl
ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of crystallization test in screening of oral potentially malignant disorders (PMDs) and oral cancer. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients of oral PMD, 30 patients of oral cancer and 40 normal healthy people were selected. One drop of blood was collected and added to 1 cc of double-distilled water at room temperature to get a final dilution of 6% hemolyzed blood. 0.1–0.2 cc of this blood sample is added to 10 cc of 20% cupric chloride solution and further is subjected to crystallization test. Results: In the normal healthy group, the pattern was typical with an eccentrically placed center of gravity with needles arranged in radiating fashion. Whereas in oral PMD and cancer groups, there was “transverse form” formation. This test had sensitivity and specificity of about 83.33% and 86.84% for PMDs group and 96.30% and 86.84% for oral cancer group respectively. Conclusion: Crystallization test was found to be sensitive, reliable, economical and less-invasive procedure for screening of oral PMDs and oral cancer.
ABSTRACT
Context: Gender identification is one of the most important aspects in the forensic science. It is based onscientific principles involving dental records, fingerprints and DNA comparisons. Sometimes, it becomes necessaryto apply easy techniques like cheiloscopy. The wrinkles and grooves on the labial mucosa form a characteristicpattern called lip prints, the study of which is referred to as cheiloscopy.Aim: The present study was done to evaluate the accuracy of various methods of lip prints in gender determinationand its stability over a period of time.Subjects and Methods: It consists of 80 healthy individuals (40 males and 40 females) in the age group of 18 to25 years. Lip prints were taken by lipstick, latent and digital photography methods. Data was collected by twoobservers at 0 month and 6months to assess their stability in gender determination.Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test was used.Results: The results obtained showed an accuracy of 0% and 57.5% by observer I, 30% and 67.5% by observer IIat 0 and 6th month in gender determination. The measurement of agreement in stability of lip prints was found tobe 27.8% by observer II.It was found that digital photography being the accurate method followed by lipstick andlatent methods.Conclusion: This study revealed that lip prints can be used for determining the gender of an individual.
ABSTRACT
Background: Sex chromatin is a chromatin mass of 1 micron size usually seen at the periphery of nucleus infemales. The term sex chromatin comprises of two superficially dissimilar structures known as Barr body inepithelial cells, other tissue cells and as Drumstick appearance in polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Aim of thestudy is gender determination by drumstick appearance of neutrophils using Leishman’s stain and Field stain.Materials and Methods: The present study included 60 individuals ranging from 20-50 age group of both thesexes to observe the morphology of sex chromatin in neutrophil by using Leishman’s and Field stain for thegender determination and comparison between the 2 staining procedure, using research microscope.Results: Presence of drumsticks, sessile nodule and non specific appendages like racket, tag, hook, minor lobe,small club, were found in neutrophils. In males 37% of drumstick, 7% of sessile nodule, 20% of racket structure,3% small club, 13% minor lobe, 7% hook, 3% tag, was seen and in females 10% of drumstick, 60% of sessilenodule, 17% of racket structure, 7% small club, 1% minor lobe, 0% hook, 3% tag, was seen and field’s stainshowed better results in appreciating the morphology of neutrophil.Conclusion: Observation on morphology and comparison between 2 different stain presented a moderate agreementin gender determination.