Tuberculosis affecting the nervous system: can we trace the source of infection?

To trace the source of tuberculous infection of patients with CNS tuberculosis. We analyzed clinical records of 100 patients with tuberculosis affecting the central nervous system, who presented to Department of Neurology Civil Hospital Karachi,between Jan 2007 To June 2010. All patients with confirmed diagnosis of CNS tuberculosis, supported by clinical, laboratory, and radiological evidence were included. Case histories were analyzed and notes were made in each case of past history of tuberculosis, history of affected family members at that time and in past, and presence or absence of concurrent extra-neural tuberculosis. All patients with disseminated tuberculosis were investigated for immunocompromised states like HIV. Patients with positive contact history were divided into those with tuberculosis affected person within their household, those with their first degree relatives with history of tuberculosis, and those with workmates or other regular contacts with tuberculosis. Contacts of all these patients were also investigated to find out the new cases amongst them according to the WHO guidelines. Results were analyzed on SPSS. Among the total of 100 patients, male to female ratio was 1:3 with ages ranging from 8 to 82 years. Mean age was 34. Fifty six people had tuberculosis affecting brain and 44 had spinal involvement. Thirty five patients had tuberculous meningitis, 13 had tuberculous meningitis with tuberculomas, and 8 had tuberculomas only. Major complications of tuberculous meningitis, like stroke [60%], hydrocephalus [40%] and optic neuropathy [1.5%] were seen in 20 patients. One patient had sagittal sinus thrombosis in addition to tuberculous meningitis. 44 patients had spinal cord involvement, they presents with compressive myelopathy, [tuberculous abscess and/or prolapsed vertebrae] and/or myelitis. Twelve patients showed involvement of cervical spine, 16 dorsal spine and 15 had lumbar spine involvement. One patient had disease of dorsolumbar spine. Neurosurgical procedures were required in those who developed hydrocephalous and epidural spinal cord abcesses. At the time of presentation, 20 patients had tuberculous infection in extra-neural tissues /organs as well. Four patients had abdominal tuberculosis, 6 had disseminated tuberculosis, and 10 had pulmonary tuberculosis. Baseline chest xray was abnormal in 20% of patients [10% with active concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis while other 10% were asymptomatic. Fourteen patients had history of tuberculosis in past. Six had pulmonary tuberculosis in past but x-ray evidence of tuberculosis was available in other two, 2 were diagnosed with abdominal tuberculosis, 3 had tuberculous lymph adenitis, and one patient was diagnosed as tuberculous meningitis. Twenty six percent of patients could trace the source of infection among their relatives, while majority [74%] did not give history of any affected family member, relative or contact, at that time or in past. Fourteen percent had an affected household [parent, sibling], and 12% gave history of an affected first degree relative. Tracing the source of infection with clinical methods alone was not very much beneficial. We need advance strategies to supplement our clinical methods to find out the source of transmission of this illness and to eradicate and manage effectively the spread of infection in our community

Middle cerebral artery infarction in central nervous system tuberculosis

To show the occurrence of medium vessel vasculitis in patients with central nervous system tuberculosis, meningitis and/or tuberculomas, which we do not see infrequently, but which is rarely reported in the literature. It was a prospective, observational study conducted at Department of Neurology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi from January 2008 to June 2010. [Only five cases presented to Civil Hospital, Karachi directly; out of other five three patients were seen by the primary author at a charitable hospital which does not provide admitting facilities and therefore were brought to Civil Hospital and other two were seen at a private clinic which does offer admission facilities but patients could not financially afford to stay in those hospitals were also brought to Civil Hospital]. A total of 10 patients with central nervous system tuberculosis who also had stroke as a result of medium vessel vasculitis, middle cerebral artery infarction in all of our cases, were analyzed. There was equal number of male and female patients with an age range of 7-54 years. Two patients had stroke at presentation and two developed after 8 weeks of treatment while remaining patients had stroke between 1-4 weeks. None of the patients had evidence of extrneural tuberculosis and only two patients had other risk factors for stroke which were convincingly ruled out as cause for stroke at that time. Three patients also had small vessel vasculitis in addition to larger stroke. Only one patient expired, one made complete recovery and 8 patients made partial recovery. Although small vessel vasculitis is a known complication of CNS tuberculosis, medium vessel vasculitis is not uncommon and contribute significantly to the mortality and morbidity of the infection

Knowledge, attitude and practice about [Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients] among neurologists and paediatricians

Neurologists and pediatricians in Pakistan are generally not aware of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients and do they discuss this issue with the patients. To assess the Knowledge Attitude and Practices about [Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Patients] among neurologists and pediatricians. Department of Neurology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, June 2005. Neurologists and pediatricians of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi were given a consent form to participate in the study. It was an interview-based study where a questionnaire was applied to the participants. There were 6 questions pertaining to the awareness about sudden unexpected death in epilepsy patients; about discussing the death with the patients and raising issue of sudden death in the discussion of epilepsy management. A total of 41 doctors [26 neurologists and 15 pediatricians] participated in the study. Amongst the neurologists, 13 [50%] were aware of and 6 [23.1%] had seen a case of unexpected death in epilepsy patients. Amongst the pediatricians, only 2 [13.3%] knew about it and had seen a case of sudden death. Overall 15/41[36.6%] doctors were aware of and 8/41 [19.5%] had seen a case of unexpected death in epilepsy patients. The patients of the above doctors never asked about it, except for one relative of a patient, who had lived abroad. Most of the doctors had never discussed this issue with the patients and none of them raised this issue in discussion about epilepsy management. The terminology of unexpected death in epilepsy patients was not known to many doctors and there is a need to increase awareness about this in doctors and general public

Rupture of membranes in second trimester of pregnancy

The management of rupture of membranes at a nearly viability stage is still controversial. A case of a primigravida, who had rupture of membranes at 23 weeks of gestation, is reported. On conservative management, her pregnancy continued to 30 weeks and she delivered a normal fetus, who showed no abnormality till one year of follow-up