Radiologic imaging features of major salivary glands: a review

The predominant salivary glands are parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Innumerous small salivary glands are present in the buccal cavity, pharynx, and the larynx, which are not identified on usual radiologic studies. Frequently used radiology imaging comprise of plain radiography and conventional sialography. Nowadays, high-resolution ultrasonography [HRUS] is being progressively used for the salivary gland imaging. Hence, the significance of cross-sectional studies like computed tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] have transformed the imaging of the salivary glands. Different changes in radiologic studies have led to increase sensitivity in the detection of disorders that include the significant salivary glands. Ultrasonography, plain radiographs, sialogram, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], computed tomography [CT], and nuclear scintigraphy /positron emission tomography [PET] all considered as involving in the programming of future treatment, surgical or otherwise. We reevaluate the techniques applied for the chief salivary glands imaging, and its application. An exploration of literature search was determined utilizing the electronic databases of Pub Med, Google scholar, Elsevier from 1970 to 2015 for English-language articles. The search terms utilized were salivary gland imaging. The titles and abstract of articles were evaluated. Entire text and reviews were appraised when the abstracts meet to the inclusion criterion. This review included all articles that were used for the advancement of information about salivary gland imaging

Sonographic measurement of normal renal size and correlation with somatic variables in subset of Karachi pediatric population

Background: Multiple renal pathogenesis manifested as unilateral or bilateral size changes, therefore there should be normative reference data for proper comparison. Our goal is to determine normal standard value ranges for renal dimensions in pediatric population in Karachi. Sonographically renal length in 150 children were measured and correlate with age, gender, body height, weight and BMI

Objective: Sonographic Measurement of Normal Renal Size and Correlation with Somatic Variables in Subset of Karachi Pediatric Population

Methods: A six month cross sectional hospital based assessment of kidney size [length, width] was evaluated with the help of sonography. XarioTM 200 Toshiba with convex 3.5 frequency transducer will be used. The mean renal dimensions with standard deviation [SD] were estimated for every group of age. The renal length and width were determined and corresponded with different somatic variables. Descriptive statistics with Regression analysis was done

Results: The normal length and the width of kidneys and its ranges were obtained. Right kidney length moderately and significantly correlated with height and weight [r=0.651, r=0.654] and age [r=0.538] respectively. However, moderately insignificant with BMI [0.129]. Lefts kidney moderately and significantly correlated with height and weight [r=0.665 r=0.705], negative insignificant with age [0.564] and moderately weak insignificant relationship with BMI [0.174]

Conclusion: The research presents the normal range parameters of renal size and measurements by sonography in healthy pediatric population in Karachi. Guideline measurements of kidneys represent a statistically important and comprehensive interaction with specifications of growth which allows us to easily calculate the renal size by derived regression analysis

Potentially significant biomarkers in oral submucous fibrosis

Oral submucous fibrosis [OSMF] is a chronic, irreversibly progressive and precancerous disease that effects oral, oropharyngeal and oesophageal mucosa. OSMF is characterised by the inflamation and progressive fibrosis of lamina propria that leads to difficulty in mastication, speech, swallowing and causes limited mouth opening. Arecoline [major alkaloid] in areca nut is the main aeitiological factor in causing the disease. Prevalance of OSMF ranges from 0.2% to 0.5% in South India. The malignant rate of transformation over 17-year period was 7.6%. Trace elements [part of metalloenzymes] are recognised as versatile biomarkers which may be helpful in early detection, prognosis and can reduce the incidence of cancer. Copper, Iron, Zinc, Selenium, Cadmium, antioxidants [Superoxide Dimutase, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E], immunoglobulins and alternation in oncosupressor genes and other genes have been emphasized as biochemical parameters that play an important role in its pathogenesis. These parameters can also serve as important biomarkers in early detection of a premalignant condition and cancer progression

Normative data of hepato-splenic sizes in pakistani pediatric population using ultrasonography

Background: Hepatosplenic sizes of children vary with age .There are many diseases which affect the sizes of the liver and spleen ranging from acute liver disease to other hepatosplenic disorders . Ultrasound is a quick and reliable method .Unfortunately there is lack of sufficient data in our population therefore my study would be beneficial in determining various disease processes

Objective: To establish normative data of Hepato-Splenic sizes in Pakistani pediatric population using ultrasonography

Methods: The study was conducted at the Ziauddin University Hospital, a tertiary care teaching facility in Karachi. The cross sectional prospective hospital based study was conducted with 150 patients aged 1 month to 14 years. Ultrasonographic evaluation for the assessment of liver, spleen and portal vein size was performed. These were correlated with the age, sex, height/length and weight of the children

Results: Normal liver and spleen length and its ranges with portal vein diameter were obtained. The liver, spleen length and portal vein significantly correlated highly with the height/length [r=0.7,0.7,0.6]respectively and weight of the subjects [r=0.7,0.7,0.4 respectively]

Conclusion: The study provides the normal values of liver and spleen size by ultrasonography in healthy Pakistani pediatric population