ABSTRACT
The present study is about to prepare stable cream of water-in-oil emulsion containing extracts of Crocus sativus against its base [without extracts] taken as control, to determine its stability on different storage conditions and effects on skin moisture contents and transepidermal water loss. The formulation contains 3% Crocus sativus [Saffron] concentrated extracts, and the base containing no extract, were formulated. Different stability tests were done on samples, which placed at 8°C, 25°C, 40° C and 40°C with 75% relative humidity, for 4 week period. These formulations [Creams] were applied on the cheeks of human volunteers for 8 week period. To evaluate any effect produced by these formulations different skin parameters were monitored every week. The significant results of this study explored the fact that water-in-oil emulsion topical cream of saffron formulated from Crocus sativus extract has absolute physical stability at different storage conditions. The increase in skin moisture contents and changes in transepidermal water loss were significant [p
Subject(s)
Humans , Plant Extracts , Skin Cream , Drug StabilityABSTRACT
To determine various modes of fatalities and pattern of fatal injuries in the field. Descriptive study. The study was carried out at the Combined Military Hospital Bannu, the base hospital of Waziristan FATA from January 2005 to October 2009. All the soldiers brought in dead from operational area to CMH Bannu were included in the study. After entry of their personal data in admission and discharge book the detailed examination was carried out. Only percentages are presented for confidentiality purpose. However details may be provided by the author on requests routed through the authorities concerned. Gunshot wounds [33.51%], bomb blast [30.16%], mine blast [18.99%] and rocket blast [7.82%] were the common modes of fatality. Multiple injuries [two or more than two] were found on 63%, head injuries on 18%, chest injuries on 13% and abdominal injuries on 6% of all the fatal cases. Maximum numbers of fatal cases were received in the year 2005 [37.65%].Most common mode of fatal injuries was gunshot wound followed by bomb blast and mine blast. Multiple injuries were the most common fatal injuries followed by head and chest injuries. There is a need for preparedness at all levels to reduce the mortality.
ABSTRACT
To evaluate the effects of neostigmine on onset and duration of Intravenous regional anesthesia [IVRA] when added to lignocaine. Randomized control trial. Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi from 21 September 2006 to 23 April 2008. One hundred patients undergoing hand surgery were randomly assigned to two groups to receive IVRA. The control group received 1 mililiter [mL] of saline plus 3 miligram per kilogram [mg/kg] of lignocaine diluted with saline to a total dose of 40 mL, the study group received 0.5 mg [1ml] of neostigmine plus 3 mg/kg of lignocaine diluted with saline to a total dose of 40 mL. Sensory block and motor block onset and recovery were noted. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and oxygen saturation values were noted before surgery Imin, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, and 40 min and after tourniquet release. Time to first analgesic requirement was also noted. The mean sensory block onset was 4.14 min as compared to 10.1 min in control group. Mean value of motor block onset was 6.3 min as compared to 13.8 min in control group.similarly mean for sensory recovery was 6.9 min as compared to 3.1 min for control group. Mean value for motor recovery was 5.17 min as compared to 2.17 min in control group. Experiment group had their demand for analgesics after a mean of 35.3 min and control group had their analgesia after 16.5 min. There was highly significant difference in all the variables. We concluded that neostigmine as an adjunct to lignocaine improves quality of anesthesia and is beneficial in IVRA