Application of Topical Rocuronium Bromide Dosing by Ocular Size in Four Species of Wild Birds

Background@#Rocuronium bromide has been evaluated as a mydriatic agent in birds, but the species applied were limited and the dose and effect were variable. @*Objective@#This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of topical rocuronium bromide as mydriatics in 4 species according to horizontal palpebral fissure length: Feral pigeon (Columba livia), Common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Northern boobook (Ninox japonica), and Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo). @*Methods@#A total of 32 birds (8 for each species) were included as pre-releasing examination. Rocuronium bromide was instilled in one randomly selected eye of each bird based on palpebral fissure length criteria (0.5 mg/50 µL for pigeons, 1 mg/100 µL for kestrels and boobook owls, and 2 mg/200 µL for eagle owls). The contralateral eye was used as control and treated with normal saline. After instillation of the drug, pupil diameter, pupillary light reflex, intraocular pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate were evaluated at 10 min intervals up to 180 min and at 30 min intervals up to 360 min. @*Results@#Statistically significant mydriasis was obtained in all birds (p < 0.001). However, in boobook and eagle owls, marked mydriasis persisted until 360 min. Side effects including corneal erosion and lower eyelid paralysis were common, which was observed in 26/32 birds.Blepharospasm was also noted during this study. No systemic adverse signs were observed. @*Conclusions@#Rocuronium bromide could be a good mydriatics option for 4 species of birds, however, further studies are needed to find lowest effective dose to reduce drug-related side effects.

Comparison of dorsal and medial arthroscopic approach to canine coxofemoral joint: a cadaveric study

Objectives@#We evaluated the efficacy of a medial arthroscopic approach to the coxofemoral joint of dogs by analyzing the joint visible area and performing a safety analysis. @*Methods@#Arthroscopic approaches to the coxofemoral joint were made in five cadavers using a traditional (dorsal) and novel (medial) approach. Three observers scored the visible area of images and videos of the acetabulum and femur. A safety analysis was performed via dissection of the medial hind limb. The distance between neurovascular structures and arthroscopic portals was measured. @*Results@#The acetabulum was more visible in the dorsal than in the medial approach, with mean visualization scores of 16 ± 0.00 and 11.83 ± 1.26, respectively. The medioventral side of the femur was significantly more visible in the medial than in the dorsal approach, with mean visualization scores of 3.9 ± 0.99 and 6.93 ± 0.58, respectively. Safety analysis confirmed the medial portal site was safe, provided that the surgeon has comprehensive knowledge of the joint. The minimum distance from the arthroscopic medial portals to the nearest neurovascular structures was 2.5 mm. @*Conclusions@#A medial arthroscopic approach to the canine coxofemoral joint has potential clinical application. Dorsal and medial approaches differ significantly and have distinct purposes. The medial approach is useful to access the ventromedial joint, making it an eligible diagnostic method for an arthroscopic evaluation of this area.

Differential Encoding of Trace and Delay Fear Memory in the Entorhinal Cortex

Trace fear conditioning is characterized by a stimulus-free trace interval (TI) between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US), which requires an array of brain structures to support the formation and storage of associative memory. The entorhinal cortex (EC) has been proposed to provide essential neural code for resolving temporal discontinuity in conjunction with the hippocampus. However, how the CS and TI are encoded at the neuronal level in the EC is not clear. In Exp. 1, we tested the effect of bilateral pre-training electrolytic lesions of EC on trace vs. delay fear conditioning using rats as subjects. We found that the lesions impaired the acquisition of trace but not delay fear conditioning confirming that EC is a critical brain area for trace fear memory formation. In Exp. 2, single-unit activities from EC were recorded during the pretraining baseline and post-training retention sessions following trace or delay conditioning. The recording results showed that a significant proportion of the EC neurons modulated their firing during TI after the trace conditioning, but not after the delay fear conditioning. Further analysis revealed that the majority of modulated units decreased the firing rate during the TI or the CS. Taken together, these results suggest that EC critically contributes to trace fear conditioning by modulating neuronal activity during the TI to facilitate the association between the CS and US across a temporal gap.

Sporadic Hemiplegic Migraine Presenting ATP1A2 Mutation in Korea

Hemiplegic migraine (HM) is a rare form of migraine, characterized by migraine with reversible motor weakness. HM can be divided into sporadic and familiar HM based on familiarity. Mutations in CACNA1A, ATP1A2 and SCN1A were identified in familiar HM. We present a patient with sporadic HM exhibiting recurrent hemiplegia, mental change and fever along with headache attacks. During the hemiplegia, he showed perfusion delay in left middle cerebral artery territory. Genetic panel test revealed a likely pathogenic varia nt in ATP1A2.

Patellofemoral contact mechanics after transposition of tibial tuberosity in dogs

Background@#Tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) causes caudalization of the patellar ligament insertion in canine medial patellar luxation, which can lead to increases in patellofemoral contact pressure. @*Objectives@#The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of patellofemoral contact mechanics after craniolateral and caudolateral transposition of tibial tuberosity in normal canine hindlimbs. @*Methods@#Craniolateral and caudolateral transposition of tibial tuberosity was performed in 5 specimens, respectively. The pressure was measured in the specimen before TTT, and then in the same specimen after TTT. In this process, data was obtained in 10 specimens. The measurement results were output as visualization data through the manufacturer's software and numerical data through spreadsheet. Based on these 2 data and the anatomical structure of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) surface, whole measurement area was analysed by dividing into medial, lateral and central area. @*Results@#In craniolateralization of tibial tuberosity, total, medial, central contact pressure was decreased and lateral contact pressure was not statistically changed lateral contact pressure than normal PFJ. In caudolateralization of tibial tuberosity, total, lateral contact pressure was increased and medial contact pressure was not statistically changed than normal PFJ. Although not statistically significant changed, central contact pressure in caudolateralization of tibial tuberosity was increased in all 5 specimens. @*Conclusions@#These results imply that traditional TTT, prone to caudal shift of patellar tendon, can increase retropatellar pressure may lead to various complications and diseases of the stifle joint.

Comparison of access window created by cervical ventral slot and modified slanted ventral slot in canine cadaver

Abstract: Ten cadavers were studied to compare the accessibility of cervical vertebral canal with conventional standard ventral slot and modified slanted ventral slot. One group performed standard ventral slot procedures at the C3-4, C5-6. The other group performed modified slanted ventral slot with inverted cone technique procedures at the C3-4, C5-6 computed tomography was performed before and after surgery. The accessibility of cervical vertebral canal with conventional standard ventral slot and modified slanted ventral slot using computed tomography in C3-4 and C5-6 intervertebral space was compared. Although smaller ostectomy was performed in the modified slanted ventral slot, some lesions were more accessible but limitations were obvious in C3-4 and C5-6 intervertebral disk space. After the disc material has been identified through accurate preoperative diagnostic imaging, less morbidity and complications can be expected if the appropriate surgical method is selected based on the lesion of compression.

Time-dependent low-field MRI characteristics of canine blood: an in vitro study

This study was conducted to assess time-sensitive magnetic resonance (MR) changes in canine blood using low-field MR. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected from eight healthy beagle dogs. Samples were placed in 5-mL tubes and imaged within 3 hours of collection at 1 day intervals from day 1 to day 30. The following sequences were used: T1-weighted (T1W), T2-weighted (T2W), fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), short tau inversion recovery (STIR), and T2-star gradient-echo (T2*-GRE). Visual comparison of the images revealed that four relatively homogenous blood clots and twelve heterogeneous blood clots developed. The margination of the clot and plasma changed significantly on day 2 and day 13. On day 2, heterogeneous blood clots were differentiated into 2 to 3 signal layers in the T2W, T1W, and especially the STIR images. Hypointense signal layers were also detected in the blood clots in STIR images, which have T2 hypo, FLAIR hypo, and T1 hyper intense signals. In all images, these signal layers remained relatively unchanged until day 13. Overall, the results suggest that hematomas are complex on low-field MRI. Accordingly, it may not be feasible to accurately characterize hemorrhages and predict clot age based on low-field MRI.

Diagnostic imaging features of normal anal sacs in dogs and cats

This study was conducted to provide normal reference features for canine and feline anal sacs using ultrasound, low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiograph contrast as diagnostic imaging tools. A total of ten clinically normal beagle dogs and eight clinically normally cats were included. General radiography with contrast, ultrasonography and low-field MRI scans were performed. The visualization of anal sacs, which are located at distinct sites in dogs and cats, is possible with a contrast study on radiography. Most surfaces of the anal sacs tissue, occasionally appearing as a hyperechoic thin line, were surrounded by the hypoechoic external sphincter muscle on ultrasonography. The normal anal sac contents of dogs and cats had variable echogenicity. Signals of anal sac contents on low-field MRI varied in cats and dogs, and contrast medium using T1-weighted images enhanced the anal sac walls more obviously than that on ultrasonography. In conclusion, this study provides the normal features of anal sacs from dogs and cats on diagnostic imaging. Further studies including anal sac evaluation are expected to investigate disease conditions.

The treatment of lower extremity defects with severe proliferative tissue using an adjustable horizontal mattress suture in a Tosa dog / 대한수의학회지

A 2-year-old male Tosa was admitted for treatment of a non-healing wound on the right forelimb. Skin tests were unremarkable; however, the lesion contained severe proliferative tissue. Surgical treatment was conducted due to the extensive skin defect and granulation tissue present. Following removal of the proliferative tissue, the wound was closed using the adjustable horizontal mattress suture method with multiple punctate relaxing incisions. The proliferative tissue healed completely after the surgical treatment. This technique can be considered an alternative treatment for the proliferative tissue when conditions require a skin graft or flap after surgical treatment.

Virtual otoscopy for evaluating the inner ear with a fluid-filled tympanic cavity in dogs

The feasibility of virtual otoscopy (VO) imaging was evaluated in five dogs with experimentally induced otitis media, two control dogs, and two canine patients with otitis media. VO images of the tympanic cavity and ossicles were generated with commercially available software using raw computed tomography (CT) data. Eight out of 10 ears inoculated with pathogen exhibited obvious clinical signs associated with otitis externa. CT images revealed soft tissue density material occupying the tympanic bulla compatible with otitis media in three dogs with experimentally induced otitis media and two patients. No remarkable features were observed on the radiographs. Four different VO views (ear canal, tympanic bulla, eustachian tube, and ossicular chain) were created. Promontory, cochlea window, tympanic, and septum bulla as well as ossicles were easily and clearly distinguished except for the incus and stapes of the clinical patients. VO images were not more suitable than images created with conventional CT for accurately diagnosing otitis media in this study. However, it appears that VO could be more feasible for assessing the complex structure of the inner ear in dogs with fluid-filled tympanic cavities since fluid accumulation within the tympanic bulla did not affect the evaluation of bony tissue in the middle ear on VO images.

Wu Ji Health Promotion Moxibustion by Mr. Kim Nam-SOO / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Mu-guk-bo-yang-tm (tm means moxibustion), which Nam-soo Kim has developed from extensive clinical findings through acupuncture and moxibustion applications for over 80 years. Mu-guk-bo-yang-tm inclucing Zusanli (ST36), Quchi (LI11), Zhongwan (CV12), Feishu (BL13), Gaohuang (BL43), Baihui (GV 20), Qihai (CV6), Guanyuan (CV4) [Zhongji (CV3) and Shuidao (ST28) replace Qihai (CV 6) and Guanyuan (CV4) for women]. Do moxibustion 3-5 cones on every point with half the size of a rice of moxa every day.

Memory Functions in Questionable Dementia of the Alzheimer Type / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: Exploration of the questionable Alzheimer disease is important for accurate estimation of prevalence and incidence, understanding the natural history, and evaluation of treatment strategies for the Alzheimer disease. Subjects and METHODS: We compared neuropsychological test performances among 14 nondemented controls, 14 elderly persons with questionable dementia of the Alzheimer type and 14 elderly persons with mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. The test performances analyzed were the digit span of the Korean Adult Wechsler Intelligence Scale, registration, short term memory and long term memory of the Cognitive Impairment Diagnosing Instrument, and paired association learning and logical memory of the Wechsler Memory Scale. RESULTS: There was significant difference between questionable dementia of the Alzheimer type and controls in the long-term memory, short-term memory, immediate and delayed recalls of the logical memory, and easy association. But the subjects with questionable and mild dementia of the Alzheimer type scored similarly on all tests except the long-term memory. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that questionable Alzheimer disease may be the very early Alzheimer disease.