ABSTRACT
Ischemic retina in diabetic patients releases a number of chemical substances including vascular endothelial growth factor which leads to retinal vascular proliferation and blindness following rupture and bleeding of vessels. Strategies to control this action can considerably halt this process. To determine the relationship of various stages of diabetic retinopathy with the levels vascular endothelial growth factor in the serum of type 2 diabetic patients. Study type, settings and duration: This cross sectional analytical study was done over one year [2010-2011] in three major public sector hospitals of Peshawar. Patients and Methods: Adult patients of either gender having type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative or non proliferative retinopathy and those without retinopathy were selected for the study. Retinopathy was diagnosed on fundoscopy. Non-diabetic patients without retinopathy were selected as controls. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor were done in patients and controls using ELISA. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly higher in all cases having retinopathy as compared to controls. These levels progressively increased with the gr ades of retinopathy. Levels were higher in females. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are raised in diabetic retinopathy and rising levels can alert the clinician in worsening of retinopathy so that preventive and therapeutic measures can be taken promptly. Policy message: Further larger scale studies are recommended on national level to pave way for the establishment of appropriate management paradigms for diabetic retinopathy through anti-VEGF treatment
ABSTRACT
Objective: to detect serum lipoprotein abnormalities and body mass index differences in type 2 diabetic post menopausal women compared to controls
Material and Methods: this case control studywas conducted at tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar, that is Hayatabad Medical Complex, Khyber Teaching Hospital, and Lady Reading Hospital over a period of two years i.e., from July 2005 to July 2008. One hundred and fifty diagnosed diabetes type 2 post menopausal females compared with fifty non diabetic post menopausal healthy controls were included. Determination of glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol were assessed by enzymatic lab technique [Elitech] using micro lab 200 [Merck], and low density lipoprotein cholesterol was determined by Friedewald formula
Results: the results indicated highly significant difference between the biochemical indices of cases and controls which included elevated levels of LDL-C [p=0.001], reduced levels of HDL-C [p=0.001] and triglycerides [TG] above the target levels [p=.000]. Body Mass Index showed significant change in diabetic postmenopausal females as compared to controls. [p<0.015]
Conclusion: dyslipidemias in post menopausal diabetic females are more prevalent. Lipoprotein abnormalities are a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases which becomes more prevalent with the loss of estrogens and the decrease in High density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol levels that occurs concurrently with menopause
ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to observe the effect of short-term noise on heart rate. One Hundred and seventeen [117] medical students were selected as subjects. Subjects having normal resting heart rate and blood pressure were included in the study. Subjects with, hearing defect were excluded from study. Auditory aquity was confirmed by audiometry before the start of experiment for each subject. A noise of a 90 dB intensity and 4000Hz frequency was produced for 10 minutes. Heart rate was recorded before, during and after exposure to noise. Heart rate increased in 104 [88.9%] subjects, with an average rise of 8.938+ 1.037. In 73 subjects [70.19%] it came back to basal level within 02 minutes. Increase in heart rate was observed in more number of males as compared to females; however, the difference was statistically insignificant. Heart rate increases during exposure to noise