ABSTRACT
Failure To Thrive [FTT] is the delay or suspension in child growth; not dealing with this disorder may lead to more serious consequences like increased death rate, appearance of other relevant diseases, reduced learning, and mental, emotional, or physical disabilities. Given the serious symptoms of failure to thrive in children's future, this paper tries to identify and investigate factors affected in FTT. The study population included children below 2 years old visiting the Health Center of East Tehran from which 1660 infants using two-stage cluster sampling method were selected according to the input criteria [not suffering from any particular disease at birth, and having regular visit to health centers]. After gathering data from the first two years of the infants' lives, factors associated with FTT using SAS software and Random Effect Regression Model were analyzed. Mean age [ +/- SD] of mothers at birth time was 27.3 +/- 5.46 years and 46% [764] of the mothers had an education lower than high school diploma but there was no significant relationship between mothers' education and FTT [p = 0.290]. Mean weight [ +/- SD] of children at birth was 3202 +/- 463.03 g and 5.1% [85] of them were born with underweight [2500g] and 68.1% [1130] of the children were affected by FTT at least in one period. Factors associated with diarrhea, infection, teething, nourishment, weaning, and other diseases had significant role in causing FTT [p < 0.05], out of which the cause of diarrhea was the most likely factor. In addition, the model's random section became significant [p < 0.05]. Given the abundance and graveness of the symptoms of this disorder in child's future and the high likelihood of occurrence of this disorder among infants below 2 years, a strong need is felt to deal with this impairment. Given the significance of the random effect, the known causes alone are not enough for prediction of FTT among infants and genetic and environmental factors play a role in occurrence of FTT as well
ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women especially in eastern Mediterean region. Disease-free survival is common to evaluate the treatment of cancers. Several factors have been determined as prognostic factors for disease-free survival in studies. In this cross-sectional study, during 2005-2007, 153 women with breast cancer were treated in Fayazbakhsh hospital, Tehran. These patients had no metastasis at the time of diagnosis. Patients underwent MRM or BCS surgery. All patients followed until 2011 April. Metastases were diagnosed with x-ray, Biochemical methods, ultrasound with oncologist confirmation. A Cox's regression with time to first event variable was used to determine the prognostic factors. Kaplan-Myer method was used to estimate the survival function. All statistical methods ran in R software version 2.10. Out of 133 patients, 25[18.8%] died and 108[81.2%] were alive. Out of alive patients, 99[74.4%] without metastasis and 9 patients[6.8%] experienced a metastasis. Using Kaplan-Myer estimation showed that disease-free survival was 64 months, and five years rate of disease-free was 72 percent. Increasing in disease-free survival was associated with low grade of tumor, low number of involved lymph nodes, ER negative and HER2 negative. Odds ratio of metastasis or death for HER2 positive was 2.46 times of HER2 negative. Patients with grade 3 had risk of metastasis 1.69-fold of grade2. The result of this study showed that HER2, ER, Grade and number of involved lymph nodes were prognostic factors. Age, size of tumor and PR were not identified as prognostic factors