Cheiloscopy; a tool for sex determination

Identification of human being is always a problem for scientists and is based upon scientific principles. Finger prints, dental data, anthropometry and DNA analysis are the tools used for identification purposes. The new arriving tool in the field of personal identity is cheiloscopy i.e. study of lip prints which are unique for every individual and behold the potential for identification purpose. If lip prints are found at scene of crime, the presence or absence of a person can be ruled out from the scene of crime. The present study comprises of 150 students of SKZMDC in the age group of 20-23 year out of which 50 are males and 100 females. Lip prints were collected and matched according to Suzuki and Tsushihashi's classification. The most common pattern found in female was II, while type III was predominant among males. Conclusion: Studies show lip prints have great potential to establish individuality, show gender variation and remain unchanged forever

Assessment of process measures of quality of care through client flow analysis

Background: Quality of health care services is emerging as a field with multifaceted approach. Measuring the quality is tricky and needs standards. Many global standards are in place but still the contextual applications of standards need research on the measurable aspects of the quality of care

Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at general medical out patient departments of two tertiary care hospitals of Lahore, one from the public sector and the other from the private sector selected using multi-stage sampling. 93 patients were selected from each hospital. Process measures of quality of care delivered in medical out patient departments were assessed using client flow analysis technique, performed by trained personnel

Results: Access to the hospital OPD, waiting time outside the consultant room, physical environment of the OPD and provision of relevant information to the patient were observed for adherence to standards and statistical association found with the patient satisfaction on these aspects

Conclusion: The process measures must be assessed in order to evaluate the quality of care in a specific service or hospital as patient satisfaction [outcome measure] alone is not enough to judge the quality of care