ABSTRACT
Development is a dynamic and continuous phenomenon that is under the influence of various factors forming a complicated multidimensional system together. Any impairment in these factors can lead to impaired development in children, which is one of the most common problems in children. Therefore, this study provides a brief overview of these factors and the way they affect early childhood development. A brief review was performed in databases including Google scholar, PUBMED, Proquest, SID, Magiran, Iranmedex, Irandoc with following keywords: child development, income, occupation, education, employment, boy, girl, gender, sex, social class, Race and Ethnicity. All of article was reviewed then categorized based on WHO model. Among the papers reviewed, most of the studies were about employment, education, and income and most of them investigated these risk factors in terms of socioeconomic status. Structural factors of social determinants of health had a close relationship with each other, and they had affected development through each other. Given that, only few studies on structural factors, except for socioeconomic factors, have been conducted and little attention has been paid to the way these factors affect child development, further studies in this area are required to propose a model in order to better understand the interaction between these factors.
ABSTRACT
To determine the diagnostic value of the lactate concentration in vaginal secretions in determining the premature rupture of membranes. One hundred 100 pregnant women with single pregnancy of gestational age 20-41 weeks were divided to two groups of 50 each. One group comprised of women with premature rupture of membranes, and the other [control group] of women with intact membranes. To verify the premature rupture of membranes in both groups, the speculum, fern, and nitrazine tests were done. Lactate Pro manual instrument was used to measure the lactate levels in vaginal fluid via enzymatic staining which was displayed on the instrument's liquid crystal display after 60 seconds. Descriptive analytic statistics and SPSS 17 software were used to analyze the data. The lactate concentration of 4.6 mM in the vaginal fluid was diagnostic for premature rupture of membranes. It had a sensitivity of 96%, specificity of 98.8%, accuracy of 97%, positive predictive value of 97.9%, and negative predictive value of 96%. Testing lactate levels in the vaginal fluid is an easy, rapid and reliable method for the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes in pregnancy