Laboratory-based study of drug resistance and genotypic profile of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis isolates in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

Abstract Background: Surveillance of multidrug resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/XDR-TB) is essential to guide disease dissemination control measures. Brazil contributes to a significant fraction of tuberculosis (TB) cases worldwide, but only few reports addressed MDR/XDR-TB in the country. Methods: This cross-sectional, laboratory-based study describes the phenotypic resistance profiles of isolates obtained between January 2008 and December 2011 in Bahia, Brazil, and sociodemographic, epidemiological, and clinical characteristics (obtained from mandatory national registries) of the corresponding 204 MDR/XDR-TB patients. We analyzed the mycobacterial spoligotyping and variable number of tandem repeats of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units in 12-loci profiles obtained from Salvador. Results: MDR/XDR-TB patients were predominantly male, had a median age of 43 years, belonged to black ethnicity, and failed treatment before MDR-TB diagnosis. Nearly one-third of the isolates had phenotypic resistance (evaluated by mycobacteria growth indicator tube assay) to second-line anti-TB drugs (64/204, 31%), of which 22% cases (14/64) were diagnosed as XDR-TB. Death was a frequent outcome among these individuals and was associated with resistance to second-line anti-TB drugs. Most isolates successfully genotyped belonged to the Latin-American Mediterranean (LAM) Family, with an unprecedented high proportion of LAM10-Cameroon subfamily bacilli. More than half of these isolates were assigned to a unique cluster by the genotyping methods performed. Large clusters of identical genotypes were also observed among LAM SIT42 and SIT376 strains. Conclusions: We highlight the need for strengthening local and national efforts to perform early detection of TB drug resistance and to prevent treatment discontinuation to limit the emergence of drug-resistant strains.

Fatores associados à variação espacial da gravidez na adolescência no Brasil, 2014: estudo ecológico de agregados espaciais / Factores asociados a la variación espacial del embarazo en la adolescencia en Brasil, 2014: estudio ecológico de agregados espaciales / Associated factors with spatial variation of adolescent pregnancy in Brazil, 2014: an ecological study of spatial clusters

Objetivo: Identificar determinantes socioeconômicos e de atenção à saúde na variação espacial da gravidez na adolescência, Brasil, 2014. Métodos: Estudo ecológico espacial com municípios como unidades de análise. Utilizou-se regressão linear espacial para verificar associações entre taxa de fecundidade em adolescentes de 15 a 19 anos e variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde. Resultados: A fecundidade na adolescência associou-se negativamente a maior cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ß = -0,011 ­ IC95% -0,017;-0,005), número adequado de consultas de pré-natal (ß = -0,122 ­ IC95% -0,224;-0,132) e menor renda familiar média per capita (ß = -0,104 ­ IC95% -0,105;-0,103); e positivamente, ao índice de Gini (ß = 7,031 ­ IC95% 4,793;9,269), baixa renda (ß = 0,127 ­ IC95% 0,108;0,145), maior densidade domiciliar (ß = 6,292 ­ IC95% 5,062;7,522) e baixa escolaridade (ß = 0,260 ­ IC95% 0,224;0,295). Conclusão: Menores acesso a atenção básica e renda associam-se a maior taxa de fecundidade na adolescência. Piores indicadores socioeconômicos e de atenção à saúde associam-se a maior taxa de fecundidade na adolescência.

Objetivo: Identificar determinantes socioeconómicos y de atención a la salud en la variación espacial del embarazo adolescente en Brasil en 2014. Métodos Estudio espacial ecológico con municipios como unidades de análisis. La regresión lineal espacial se utilizó para verificar la asociación entre la tasa de fecundidad adolescente (15-19 años) y variables socioeconómicas y de salud. Resultados: La tasa de fecundidad adolescente se asoció negativamente con mayor cobertura de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar (ß = -0,011 ­ IC95% -0,017;-0,005), número adecuado de consultas prenatales (ß = -0.122 ­ IC95% -0,132;-0,224) e bajo ingreso familiar promedio per cápita (ß = -0,104 ­ IC95% -0,105;-0,103). Esta asociación fue positiva con el índice de Gini (ß = 7,031 ­ IC95% 4,793; 9,269), bajos ingresos (ß = 0,127 ­ IC95% 0,108; 0,145), mayor densidad familiar (ß = 6,292 ­ IC95% 5,062; 7,522) y baja escolaridad (ß = 0,260 ­ IC95% 0,224; 0,295). Conclusión: El menor acceso a la atención primaria y menores ingresos están asociados con una mayor fecundidad en la adolescencia. Los peores indicadores socioeconómicos y de atención a la salud se asocian con una mayor tasa de fecundidad en la adolescencia.

Objective: To identify socioeconomic and health care determinants of spatial variation in adolescent pregnancy in Brazil in 2014. Methods: This was a spatial ecological study having municipalities as units of analysis. Spatial linear regression was used to verify association between the fertility rate in 15-19 year-old women and socioeconomic and health variables. Results: The adolescent fertility rate was negatively associated with higher Family Health Strategy coverage (ß = -0.011 - 95%CI -0.017;-0.005), an adequate number of prenatal consultations (ß = -0.122 - 95%CI -0.132;-0.224) and low average family income per capita (ß = -0.104 - 95%CI -0.105;-0.103). Association was positive in relation to the Gini index (ß = 7.031 - 95%CI 4.793;9.269), low income (ß = 0.127 - 95%CI 0.108;0.145), higher household density (ß = 6.292 - 95%CI 5.062;7.522) and less schooling (ß = 0.260 - 95%CI 0.224;0.295). Conclusion: Reduced access to primary care and lower income are associated with higher adolescent fertility rates. Poorer socioeconomic and health care indicators are associated with higher adolescent fertility rates.

Epidemiological characteristics and temporal trends of new leprosy cases in Brazil: 2006 to 2017 / Características epidemiológicas e tendências temporais de casos novos de hanseníase no Brasil: 2006 a 2017 / Características epidemiológicas y tendencias temporales de nuevos casos de lepra en Brasil: de 2006 a 2017

Abstract: Our study aims to describe trends in new case detection rate (NCDR) of leprosy in Brazil from 2006 to 2017 overall and in subgroups, and to analyze the evolution of clinical and treatment characteristics of patients, with emphasis on cases diagnosed with grade 2 physical disabilities. We conducted a descriptive study to analyze new cases of leprosy registered in the Brazilian Information System for Notificable Diseases (SINAN), from 2006-2017. We calculated the leprosy NCDR per 100,000 inhabitants (overall and for individuals aged < 15 and ≥ 15 years) by sex, age, race/ethnicity, urban/rural areas, and Brazilian regions, and estimated the trends using the Mann-Kendall non-parametric test. We analyzed the distributions of cases according to relevant clinical characteristics over time. In Brazil, there was a sharp decrease in the overall NCDR from 23.4/100,000 in 2006 to 10.3/100,000 in 2017; among children < 15 years, from 6.94 to 3.20/100,000. The decline was consistent in all Brazilian regions and race/ethnicity categories. By 2017, 70.2% of the cases were multibacillary, 30.5% had grade 1 (G1D) or 2 (G2D) physical disabilities at diagnosis and 42.8% were not evaluated at treatment completion/discharge; cases with G2D at diagnosis were mostly detected in urban areas (80%) and 5% of cases died during the treatment (leprosy or other causes). Although the frequency of leprosy NCDR decreased in Brazil from 2006 to 2017 across all evaluated population groups, the large number of cases with multibacillary leprosy, physical disabilities or without adequate evaluation, and among children suggest the need to reinforce timely diagnosis and treatment to control leprosy in Brazil.

Resumo: O estudo teve com objetivos descrever as tendências na taxa de detecção de casos novos (TDCN) de hanseníase no Brasil em 2006-2017, global e por subgrupos, e analisar a evolução das características clínicas e terapêuticas dos pacientes, com ênfase nos casos diagnosticados com incapacidade física grau 2. Realizamos um estudo descritivo par analisar casos novos de hanseníase registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), 2006-2017. Calculamos a TDCN de hanseníase por 100.000 habitantes (global e para indivíduos < 15 e ≥ 15 anos de idade) por sexo, idade, raça/etnicidade, área urbana/rural e macrorregião do Brasil e estimamos as tendências com o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Kendall. Analisamos as distribuições de casos de acordo com características clínicas relevantes ao longo do tempo. No Brasil, houve uma queda marcante na TDCN global, de 23,4/100.000 em 2006 para 10,3/100.000 em 2017; entre crianças < 15 anos, de 6,94 para 3,20/100.000. A queda foi consistente em todas a regiões brasileiras e em todas as categorias de raça/etnicidade. Até 2017, 70,2% dos casos eram multibacilares, 30,5% apresentavam incapacidades físicas grau 1 (G1D) ou grau 2 (G2D) ao diagnóstico e 42,8% não foram avaliados ao encerramento do tratamento ou alta; os casos com G2D ao diagnóstico foram detectados majoritariamente nas áreas urbanas (80%), e 5% dos casos faleceram durante o tratamento (devido à hanseníase ou por outras causas). Embora a frequência da TDCN da hanseníase tenha diminuído no Brasil entre 2006 e 2017 em todos os grupos avaliados, o número grande de casos com hanseníase multibacilar, incapacidades físicas ou sem avaliação adequada e entre crianças sugere a necessidade de reforçar o diagnóstico e tratamento oportunos para controlar a hanseníase no Brasil.

Resumen: Se realizó este trabajo con el fin de describir la tendencia general y en subgrupos de la tasa de detección de nuevos casos de lepra (NCDR por sus siglas en inglés) en Brasil, entre 2006-2017, así como para analizar la evolución de las características clínicas y de tratamiento de los pacientes, con énfasis en los casos diagnosticados con un grado 2 de discapacidad física. Realizamos un estudio descriptivo para analizar los nuevos casos de lepra registrados en el Sistema Brasileño de Información de Enfermedades de Notificación (SINAN), 2006-2017. Calculamos la NCDR de lepra por cada 100.000 habitantes (general e individuos con una edad < 15 y ≥ 15 años) por sexo, edad, raza/etnicidad, áreas urbanas/rurales y regiones brasileñas, y estimamos las tendencias usando el test no paramétrico de Mann-Kendall. Analizamos las distribuciones de casos según las características clínicas relevantes a lo largo del tiempo. En Brasil, hubo una drástica disminución en general de NCDR de los 23,4/100.000 en 2006, a los 10,3/100.000 en 2017; entre niños < 15 años, desde los 6,94 a los 3,20/100.000. El decremento fue consistente en todas las regiones brasileñas y categorías de raza/etnicidad. En 2017, un 70,2% de los casos fueron multibacilares, un 30,5% tenían grado 1 (G1D) o 2 (G2D) discapacidad física en el diagnóstico y un 42,8% no fueron evaluados al completar el tratamiento/ser dados de alta; casos con G2D en el diagnóstico fueron en su mayoría detectados en áreas urbanas (80%) y un 5% de los casos murieron durante el tratamiento (lepra u otras causas). A pesar de la frecuencia de lepra los NCDR decrecieron en Brasil de 2006 a 2017, a través de todos los grupos de población evaluados, el elevado número de casos con lepra multibacilar, discapacidad física o sin una adecuada evaluación, y entre niños sugiere la necesidad de reforzar a tiempo el diagnóstico y tratamiento para controlar la lepra en Brasil.

Perfil epidemiológico e distribuição espacial da hanseníase em Paulo Afonso, Bahia / Perfil epidemiológico y distribucion espacial de la lepra en Paulo Afonso, Bahia / Epidemiological profile and spatial distribution of leprosy in Paulo Afonso, Bahia

Objetivos analisar as características epidemiológicas e distribuição dos casos novos de hanseníase na população de Paulo Afonso, Bahia, entre 2000 e 2015. Método estudo descritivo com todos os casos novos de hanseníase notificados no Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação. Foram utilizadas variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e calculados os coeficientes de detecção anuais. Estimativas populacionais foram obtidas no Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Resultados a maioria dos 1.069 casos novos notificados foi do sexo feminino (57,2%), residiam na zona urbana (92%), raça/cor parda (66,92%), ensino fundamental (67,6%), maiores de quinze anos (92,5%), forma clínica tuberculoide (48,26%), paucibacilares (62,3%), grau de incapacidade física no diagnóstico (45,93%) e na cura (29,75%). Conclusão o perfil epidemiológico da hanseníase em Paulo Afonso é similar ao nacional, houve variações nos coeficientes de detecção da hanseníase entre os anos e a análise espacial evidenciou distribuição heterogênea, com maior concentração de casos nos bairros periféricos.

Objetivos analizar las características epidemiológicas y la distribución de nuevos casos de lepra en la población de Paulo Afonso, Bahía, entre 2000 y 2015. Método estudio descriptivo con todos los nuevos casos de lepra reportados en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades Notificables. Se utilizaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y se calcularon los coeficientes anuales de detección. Las estimaciones de población se obtuvieron del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. Resultados la mayoría de los 1.069 nuevos casos notificados fueron mujeres (57,2%), que viven en el área urbana (92%), raza/color parda (66,92%), escuela primaria (67,6%), con más de quince años (92,5%), forma clínica de tuberculoide (48,26%), paucibacilario (62,3%), grado de discapacidad física al diagnóstico (45,93%) y en la cura (29,75%). Conclusión el perfil epidemiológico de la lepra en Paulo Afonso es similar al nacional, hubo variaciones en los coeficientes de detección de lepra entre años y el análisis espacial mostró una distribución heterogénea, con una mayor concentración de casos en barrios periféricos.

Objectives to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and distribution of new leprosy cases in the population of Paulo Afonso, Bahia, Brazil, between 2000 and 2015. Method descriptive study with all new cases of leprosy reported at the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were used and annual detection coefficients were calculated. Population estimates were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Results most of the 1,069 new reported cases were female (57.2%), living in the urban area (92%), brown race/color (66.92%), elementary school (67.6%), over fifteen years of age (92.5%), tuberculoid clinical form (48.26%), paucibacillary (62.3%), degree of physical disability at diagnosis (45.93%) and cure (29.75%). Conclusion the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Paulo Afonso is similar to the national one, with variations in leprosy detection coefficients between years and spatial analysis showing heterogeneous distribution, with a higher concentration of cases in peripheral neighborhoods.

Spatial patterns of preventable perinatal mortality in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the spatial distribution patterns and areas of higher risk of preventable perinatal mortality in the city of Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS We carried out a spatial aggregated study in 2007, considering the weighting areas (census tracts contiguous sets) of Salvador, of which the center and north present low life conditions. Data were obtained from national vital statistics systems and the 2010 Census. Addresses of live births and stillbirths were geocoded by weighting area. The spatial distribution of the perinatal mortality rate was analyzed from thematic maps. Spatial dependence was evaluated by the Global and Local Geary's and Moran's Indexes. RESULTS Crude and smoothed perinatal mortality rates were high in areas situated to the north, west, and in center of Salvador. The smoothed rates in weighting areas ranged from 4.9/1,000 to 22.3/1,000 births. Of all perinatal deaths, 92.1% could have been prevented. We identified spatial dependence for preventable perinatal mortality for care in pregnancy, with neighboring areas with high risk in the north of the city. CONCLUSIONS The preventability potential of perinatal mortality was high in Salvador, in 2007. The spatial distribution pattern with higher rates in disadvantaged areas of the city suggests the existence of social inequalities in health. The characteristics of the process of urban development of Salvador, which has inadequate prenatal care, possibly influenced the magnitude and spatial distribution pattern of this mortality.

Leprosy in children and adolescents under 15 years old in an urban centre in Brazil

This original study describes the intra-urban distribution of cases of leprosy in residents under 15 years old in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; the study also identifies the environment in which Mycobacterium leprae is being transmitted. The cases were distributed by operational classification, clinical forms, type of contact and the addresses were geo-referenced by neighborhood. Between 2007 and 2011, were reported 145 cases of leprosy in target population living in Salvador, corresponding to detection rates of 6.21, 6.14, 5.58, 5.41 and 6.88/100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The spatial distribution of the disease was focal. Of the 157 neighborhoods of Salvador, 44 (28.6%) notified cases of leprosy and in 22 (50%) of these were detected more than 10 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The infectious forms were found in 40% of cases. Over 90% of cases had been living in Salvador for more than five years. Overall, 52.6% reported having had contact with another infected individual inside the household and 25% in their social circle. In Salvador, M. leprae transmission is established. The situation is a major concern, since transmission is intense at an early age, indicating that this endemic disease is expanding and contacts extend beyond individual households.

Bacterial meningitis and living conditions / Meningites bacterianas e condições de vida

INTRODUCTION: Bacterial meningitis has great social relevance due to its ability to produce sequelae and cause death. It is most frequently found in developing countries, especially among children. Meningococcal meningitis occurs at a high frequency in populations with poor living conditions. This study describes the temporal evolution of bacterial meningitis in Salvador, Brazil, 1995-2009, and verifies the association between its spatial variation and the living conditions of the population. METHODS: This was an ecological study in which the areas of information were classified by an index of living conditions. It examined fluctuations using a trend curve, and the relationship between this index and the spatial distribution of meningitis was verified using simple linear regression. RESULTS: From 1995-2009, there were 3,456 confirmed cases of bacterial meningitis in Salvador. We observed a downward trend during this period, with a yearly incidence of 9.1 cases/100,000 population and fatality of 16.7%. Children aged <5 years old and male were more affected. There was no significant spatial autocorrelation or pattern in the spatial distribution of the disease. The areas with the worst living conditions had higher fatality from meningococcal disease (β = 0.0078117, p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial meningitis reaches all social strata; however, areas with poor living conditions have a greater proportion of cases that progress to death. This finding reflects the difficulties for ready access and poor quality of medical care faced by these populations.

INTRODUÇÃO: As meningites bacterianas apresentam grande relevância social, devido à sua capacidade de produzir sequelas e mortes. Ocorrem mais frequentemente nos países em desenvolvimento, especialmente entre crianças. Meningite meningocócica ocorre com maior intensidade em populações de baixas condições de vida. Este estudo descreve a evolução temporal das meningites bacterianas em Salvador, 1995-2009, e verifica a associação entre sua variação espacial e condições de vida da população. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo ecológico no qual as zonas de informação foram classificadas por um índice de condições de vida. Foram examinadas flutuações nas curvas de tendência, e a relação entre este índice e a distribuição espacial das meningites foi verificada por meio de regressão linear simples. RESULTADOS: De 1995 a 2009 foram confirmados, em Salvador, 3.456 casos de meningites bacterianas. Observou-se no período uma tendência descendente, incidência anual de 9,1/100.000 e letalidade de 16,7%. Crianças menores de cinco anos de idade e do sexo masculino foram mais afetadas. Não houve autocorrelação espacial significativa ou padrão na distribuição espacial da doença. Áreas com piores condições de vida apresentaram maior letalidade da doença meningocócica (β = 0,0078117, p <0,005). CONCLUSÕES: As meningites bacterianas atingem todos os estratos sociais, no entanto em áreas onde a população é menos favorecida encontra-se maior proporção de casos que evoluem para a morte. Este achado reflete as dificuldades para pronto acesso e a má qualidade dos cuidados médicos enfrentadas por essas populações.