ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine frequency of color blindness and to assess self awareness regarding this ailment amongst the youngest age group in southern Punjab province of Pakistan
Study Design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital [CMH] Bahawalpur, from Jan 2016 to Jun 2017
Patients and Methods: Non probability consecutive sampling was done. Candidates who appeared for medical fitness examination were included; all of them belonged to the southern Punjab province of Pakistan. Visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity was assessed. Color vision was checked by using Ishihara color vision charts. Anterior and posterior segment examination of eyes was carried out
Results: Total 1000 candidates underwent color vision assessment. Overall 3.1 percent [31/1000] of the candidates were found to be color vision deficient. Out of them, 93.54 percent [29] were unaware of their condition
Conclusion: The screened population showed color blindness to be present in 3.1 percent of the candidates. Most of the individuals were unaware of the condition
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine the frequency of vitreo macular traction [VMT] in patients of diabetic macular edema [DME] as detected on spectral domain optical coherence tomography [SD-OCT]
Study Design: Cross-sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology [AFIO] Rawalpindi, from May 2013 to Jan 2014. Patients and Methods: Diabetic patients of less than 18 years of age with DME and central macular thickness of more than 250 micrometers [micro m] were included. The patients with idiopathic VMT, history of vitreoretinal surgery, and history of other retinal vascular diseases were excluded from the study. Dilated fundus was done in each patient using 90 D lens on a slit lamp biomicroscope and patients with diabetic retinopathy changes and DME were subjected to OCT examination using Topcon 3-D OCT 1000 [Topcon Corporation]. Record of each patient including demographic data, ocular findings and OCT data were endorsed on a pre-devised proforma
Results: Seventy one eyes of 68 patients were included, 36 [50.7%] were males and 35 [49.29%] were females. Mean age was 53.17 +/- 8.79 years. Mean central macular thickness [CMT] was 361.8 +/- 109 micro m. VMT was detected in 17 [23.9%] eyes. Amongst these, 2[12.5%] eyes had vitreofoveal traction, epiretinal membrane was found in 4 [25%] eyes and 11[62.5%] eyes had extra foveal VMT
Conclusion: Detection of VMT in about a quarter of cases reflects that OCT is a viable tool for early detection of vitreomacular interface abnormalities
ABSTRACT
Objective: To compare mean retinal nerve fiber layer [RNFL] thickness in patients having pseudo exfoliation [PXF] with normal age matched controls using spectral domain optical coherence tomography [SD-OCT]
Methods: This was a case control study conducted at Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology [AFIO] Rawalpindi from 12 June 2013 to 12 January 2014. Seventy eyes [Group A - 35 patients with PXF and Group B - 35 healthy age matched subjects] of more than 40 years of age were included in the study. Intraocular pressure [IOP] was measured with Goldmann applanation tonometer [GAT] and peripapillary RNFL thickness was measured in four quadrants with SD-OCT [Topcon 3D OCT-1000 Mark II] in all subjects. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 14
Results: Mean age of group A [PXF patients] was 65.63 +/- 8.47 years and of group B [Healthy subjects] was 64.31 +/- 6.51 years [p = 0.470]. Both groups were gender matched with male preponderance [p = 0.673]. Mean IOP in each group was 13.80 +/- 2.59 mm Hg, and 13.49 +/- 2.07 mm Hg respectively [p= 0.578]. Mean average peripapillary RNFL thickness was 77.46 +/- 12.17 micro m in group A and 83.96 +/- 10.58 micro m in group B. Statistically significant differences were detected between two groups for mean average RNFL thickness [p= 0.020] and mean RNFL thickness in inferior quadrant [p=0.014]
Conclusion: PXF patients with normal IOP and visual fields have thin RNFL as compared to healthy age matched controls. Therefore routine assessment and follow up of PXF patients with OCT may help in early diagnosis of PXF glaucoma