ABSTRACT
Context: Postpartum depression (PPD) is onset of depressive symptoms in postpartum period from 2 weeks to 1 year. It causes maternal morbidity and long?term negative effects on growth and development of infant and child. It is often unreported and underdiagnosed. Aims: (1) To estimate the prevalence of PPD,(2) To determine socio?demographic, clinical, and obstetric correlates of the same. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was done in urban and rural areas of District Aligarh. Methods: A total of 304 females between 6 weeks and 6 months’ postpartum period giving consent were included in this study. Sociodemographic, obstetric, and clinico-social factors were recorded using predesigned, pretested questionnaire. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score ?10 was used to screen for PPD and International Classification of Disease (ICD?10) criteria for confirmation. Statistical Analysis Used: Correlates of PPD were determined using logistic regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of PPD was 9.5% using EPDS and was confirmed by ICD?10 criteria. History of abortion (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 6.0, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 2.2–16.5), poor relationship with in?laws(AOR: 5.1; 95% CI 1.3–20.5), marital conflict (AOR: 13.3; 95% CI 2.2–77.6), and substance abuse in husband (AOR: 3.1; 95% CI 1.1–9.0) were found to be significant correlates for PPD. Conclusions: About one in every 10 postpartum females suffered from depression but did not seek health care for the same. Women facing social pathologies such as substance abuse in husband, marital conflict, and poor relationship with in?laws are more at risk of PPD. Screening for PPD should be included in the maternal and child health care programs to ensure early diagnosis and treatment.
ABSTRACT
Background: Postpartum maternal morbidity is defined by WHO as morbidity that occurs in the first 6 weeks after delivery.WHO defines maternal death as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and the site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.The leading cause of maternal mortality is postpartum hemorrhage .There are incidences of postpartum psychosis in many females which include postpartum blues, postnatal depression and postpartum psychosis The aim of this study was to find out self reported common health problems during the postpartum period in the women of rural areas of Aligarh. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during Dec in 2017, in the rural areas of Jawan, Aligarh. The study subjects were married women aged between 15 to 45 years, who were present in the postpartum period, those who refused to provide consent, were excluded. Results: The results reported that 82% of females under study had problem of backache.Only 20% had breast problem. 92% of them gave complaint of either pain in lower abdomen.22% were suffering from white discharge per vaginum.There were psychological problems also present in the females under study. Most probable reason for these psychological problems were that some of the females were primigravida .So they had no experience of motherhood. Conclusion: The factors responsible for postpartum morbidity should be detected.Antenatal education programme needs to be implemented on a large scale.
ABSTRACT
The complaint of abnormal vaginal discharge is very common.An excessive degree of vaginal secretion is not necessarily pathologically infected, but could be hormonal. The aim of this study was to find out the perception and knowledge of vaginal discharge among married females of reproductive age group. Though many studies have been done to estimate the prevalence and the various causes of vaginal discharge, not much data is available regarding what women know about vaginal discharge, their attitudes, health care seeking behaviour and the various correlates regarding the same in rural setting. With this background, we conducted this study in our rural field practice areas in Aligarh. A total of 100 married females (15–45 years age group) were taken, who were presenting with complaint of vaginal discharge.The results showed that 100% of women reported the cause of vaginal discharge to be weakness and heat. 87% of women said the cause was due to backache, 93% of women reported the cause to be melting of bones. The effects of vaginal discharge as reported by majority of women were weakness(100%),backache(100%),pain in lower abdomen(37%), bodyache(81%),pallor(75%),etc. Also few women consulted doctors for treatment.36% of them took no treatment. Primary health care providers can play a major role in health education for women in reproductive age group and educate them on when to seek medical advice. This can be integrated to reproductive health care programmes such as family planning, maternal and child health services which will lead to early detection of vaginal discharge.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Menstrual practices are still bounded by social restrictions and taboos. This may result in ignorance of hygienic practices during menstruation. So there should be proper knowledge given to the girls since childhood. The present study was conducted in rural areas of Aligarh. It was conducted in 70 adolescent girls before taking verbal consent from them. The aim of the study was to find menstrual pattern among the rural adolescent girls, the various menstrual problems among them and the effect of this problem on their daily routine. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among girls of age group 13 to 19 years attending the rural health training centre of Department of Community Medicine, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh. Seventy girls who had given verbal consent were interviewed. Data was collected by personal interview and semi structure questionnaires. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. 35.7% were in 13-15 years age group, 21.4% were in 15- 17 years age group and 42.9% were in 17-19 years age group. Regarding problems related to menstrual cycle, dysmenorrhea (71.4%) was the commonest problem. Other then this, girls had pre-menstrual syndrome (57.14%), backache (50%), fatigue (42.8%), breast heaviness ( 28.5%), joint pain (21.4%), increased weight (28.5%), headache( 28.5%) and abdominal bloating (50%). The menstrual problems affected their daily routine. Around 71.4% of the subject were forced to have prolonged bed rest, 64.28% had missed social activities. 50% of them had disturbed sleep, 35.7% had decreased appetite, 42.8% had missed classes, 50% who were employed had to abstain from their work. Conclusion: Menstruation problems usually cause interruption of daily routine of adolescent girls. School health programme should include provision for screening of adolescent girl for menstruation related problem and providing them with relevant information. Clearing up the misconception relating to menstruation and offering possible treatment options should be done. This may help in improving school and academic performance of students.
ABSTRACT
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally and the prevention of adult obesity will require prevention and management of childhood obesity. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and behavioral determinants of overweight and obesity in school going adolescents. A total of 660 adolescents from affluent and nonaffluent schools were taken. Overweight and obesity was defined as per World Health Organization 2007 growth reference. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 9.8% and 4.8%, respectively. Prevalence of both overweight and obesity was higher among males. Statistically significant difference was found in prevalence of overweight and obesity among affluent schools (14.8% and 8.2%) and nonaffluent schools (4.8% and 1.5%). Important determinants of overweight and obesity were increased consumption of fast food, low physical activity level and watching television for more than 2 h/day. The prevalence of obesity is high even in small cities. Dietary behavior and physical activity significantly affect weight of adolescent children.