Comparison of the prevalence of human papillomaviruses among fertile and infertile women in Mashhad, northeast of Iran

Background: Human papillomaviruses [HPVs] are the most common viruses which can be sexually transmitted. They can cause different malignancies in asymptomatic women. The association of HPVs with infertility among men and women is controversial. In the current study, the authors compared the frequency of HPVs in fertile and infertile women in the city of Mashhad

Materials and Methods: In the present case-control study, cervical and vaginal smears were collected from infertile and fertile women. HPVs were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Data was analyzed by SPSS v.20 and P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant

Results: In the current study, 115 infertile women with the mean age of 30.5 +/- 5.6 years and 60 fertile women with the mean age of 32.6 +/- 9.3 years were included [p=0.07]. Among women who were infertile [cases], 121 [52.6%] of 230 smears were positive, while in control group [who were fertile], 50 [41.7%] of 120 smears were positive [p=0.052]

Conclusion: Frequency of HPV in both groups was high, which could be due to lack of routine HPV vaccination. HPV can cause placenta abnormality, our infertile women had multiple abortion history and history of abortion had significant differences among infertile and control group. The frequency of HPV had no significant differences between the infertile and control groups

Evaluating success of curettage in the surgical treatment of endometrial polyps

To determine treatment efficacy of curettage on endometrial polyp. The quasi-experimental pre-and-post study was conducted in 2011-12 at the gynaecology department of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, and comprised patients who underwent hysteroscopy for endometrial polyp. Location, size, number and base condition of the polyps were recorded before the patient underwent curettage. Hysteroscopy was then performed and the condition of the remaining polyps was compared with initial findings. Also, the remaining polyps were resected. SPSS 13 was used for statistical analysis. There were 51 patients in the study with a mean age of 33.14 +/- 8.19 years [range: 23-59 years]. Besides, there were 82 polyps; 38[46.3%] having a narrow base, and 44[53.7%] having a wide base. The mean polyp size was 2.39 +/- 2.63cm.After performing curettage, 23[28.0%] polyps were removed completely, 39[47.6%] had size reduction, and 20[24.4%] had no change in size. Curettage could not significantly remove polyps [p<0.001].Polyps smaller than 2cm were more likely to have been removed compared to the bigger ones [p=0.003].Polyps with wide base were more significantly removed than those with narrow base [p<0.001].Further, those with wide base and also smaller than 2cm were removed more significantly than others [p<0.001].The location of polyps had no effect on removal probability by curettage [p=0.114]. Curettage was not found to be a reliable method for endometrial polyp removal. If hysteroscopy is not accessible, the size of the polyp should be determined by vaginal sonograghy to estimate the probability of its removal by curettage

Behavioral intervention program versus vaginal cones on stress urinary incontinence and related quality of life: a randomized clinical trial

To compare the efficacy of behavioral intervention program and vaginal cones on stress urinary incontinence. In this randomized clinical trial, 60 women aged 25-65 years with stress urinary incontinence were randomly divided into two groups, those who participated in a behavioral intervention program [n=30] and those who used vaginal cones [n=30]. The women in the behavioral intervention group were instructed on pelvic floor exercise and bladder control strategies. In the other group, pelvic floor exercises were performed using the vaginal cones. All participants were treated for 12 weeks and folio wed-up every 2 weeks. The subjective changes in severity of stress urinary incontinence were measured using a detection stress urinary incontinence severity questionnaire, leakage index, and a 3-day urinary diary. The objective changes were measured by pad test. For better evaluation of the effects, two questionnaires were used: Incontinence Quality of Life and King's Health Questionnaire. Among the 51 women who completed the study, 25 subjects were in the vaginal cones group and 26 participated in the behavioral intervention program. The changes in leakage rate on pad test and leakage index in the behavioral intervention program group were significantly higher than in the vaginal cones group [p=0.001 and p=0.008, respectively], but the severity of stress urinary incontinence was not significantly different between the two groups [p=0.2]. The changes in strength of the pelvic floor, Incontinence Quality of Life, and Kings Health Questionnaire scores showed no significant differences between the two groups after 12 weeks of intervention. Vaginal cones and behavioral intervention programs are both effective methods of treatment for mild to moderate stress urinary incontinence, but the behavioral intervention program is superior to vaginal cones in terms of cost-effectiveness and side effects

Factors related to marital satisfaction in primiparous women during postpartum period

Postpartum period is often associated with decreased marital satisfaction in couples. The present study aimed to investigate factors contributing to marital satisfaction in primiparous women during postpartum period. This correlational study was performed on 104 primiparous women who referred to health care centers, Mashhad, Iran in 2013, 8 weeks after delivery, to receive health care services. Convenient sampling was the method of choice, and data collection tools included Nathan H. Azarin marital satisfaction questionnaire, stress, anxiety and depression scales [DASS-21], and demographic and fertility-related questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16, and statistical tests of Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson correlation coefficient. The mean score of women's marital satisfaction was 65.37 +/- 17.4. There was a significant inverse correlation between duration of marriage [r=-0.246, P=0.01], women's age [r=-0.203, P=0.03] and husband's age [r=-0.219, P=0.02] with marital satisfaction. Also a significant relationship was seen between the onset of sexual intercourse after childbirth [r=0.268, P=0.006] and frequency of intercourse per week [P=0.001] with marital satisfaction. Additionally, there was a significant inverse correlation between depression [r=-0.414, P=0.001], anxiety [r=-0.27, P=0.004], and stress [r=-0.203, P=0.03] with marital satisfaction. The age of women and their spouses, the duration of marriage, the onset and frequency of sexual intercourse after delivery, stress, depression, and anxiety are factors contributing to females' marital satisfaction in postpartum period. As marital satisfaction affects the health of couples and families, it is therefore recommended to increase females' marital satisfaction during the postpartum period through recognizing the related factors and planning appropriate interventions

Comparison of serum levels of tri-iodothyronine [T3], thyroxine [T4], and thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH] in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy

The physiological changes in thyroid gland during pregnancy have been suggested as one of the pathophysiologic causes of preeclampsia. The aim of this study was comparison of serum levels of Tri-iodothyronine [T3], Thyroxine [T4], and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone [TSH] in preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. In this case-control study, 40 normal pregnant women and 40 cases of preeclamsia in third trimester of pregnancy were evaluated. They were compared for serum levels of Free T3 [FT3], Free T4 [FT4] and TSH. The data was analyzed by SPSS software with the use of t-student, Chi-square, Independent sample T-test and Bivariate correlation test. P

[Openion poll of graduates from Mashhad-school of medicine, regarding coordination of learnings, during their study with the objectives of education in giving medical services to society]

In vestigating the status of education of Medical students, in different department, is among the objectives of organizers for the educational evaluation, prevention of fall in quality of education and presentation of solutions. Opinion poll of university students and graduates is one of the simplests and most reliable methods to find ont the problems and solving them. This study was aimed to determine the educational problems, and to remove them presenting solution. Method of this research is descriptional, from simple kinds. Statistical society is among graduates from the last three years and 100 subjects were participated in this opinion poll. For collecting information, one questionnaire including 71 closed questions, type of five choices, was used. Since this research was done for the first time, it will assistg the teaching responsibles to realize where they are situated, regarding the training goals. Finally, considering and reviewing the obtained results about responses of students to questionnaire, we can conclude that the basic changes for planning of medical education are required to gain desirable goals in educating

relation between short-term oral contraceptive consumption and cerebrovascular, cardiovascular disorders in Iranian women attending Hajj

To evaluate the spectrum of probable vascular complications due to short-term oral contraceptives [OC] consumption. In this cohort study, selected Iranian female pilgrims from Razavi-Khorasan, Iran province <50 years old, attending Hajj in 2005 were evaluated. We reviewed their physical examinations, vascular risk factors and OC consumption before Hajj. Pilgrims were followed-up in terms of developing possible vascular complications during Hajj and the following year. This study included 896 individuals and completed follow-up was performed for 642. The results showed that 782 [87.3%] of pilgrims used OC. One person developed cerebral vein thrombosis, one myocardial infarction, and one deep vein thrombosis. Eighteen patients [2.8%] experienced transient hypertension. Ten patients [1.5%] had migraine exacerbations. The relationship between developed definite vascular complications and OC consumption was not statistically significant in this study p=0.365. Although vascular complications of long-term OC consumption have been analyzed and proved in several studies, few studies have determined short-term OC consumption effects on the vascular system. It seems that even short-term usage of OC may result in vascular complications, thus further studies with more samples is recommended to determine its safety and complications

correlation between mock embryo transfers prior to the start of IVF cycle with real embryo transfer

It has been demonstrated that performing a mock embryo transfer [ET] significantly improves the pregnancy rate in IVF cycles. The mock ET could be performed prior to the stimulation cycle or immediately before real ET. The problem of the first procedure is the possibility of variation in the uterine position and or cervico-uterine angle. The purpose of this study was to determine the consistency of the type of ET in mock ET prior to the treatment cycle with real ET. A prospective comparison between the technique of mock embryo transfer and real embryo transfer. One hundred and sixty treatment cycles on 141 patients between January 2003 and September 2004 ended to ET and they were analyzed prospectively. In each cycle, patients underwent a mock ET in mid luteal phase prior to treatment cycle [the date when patients referred to have consultation about down regulation regimen]. Of 160 mock ET the Wallace catheter passed easily in 144 [90%] of them. In the remaining 16 cycles [10%] a tenaculum and or a rigid cannula had to be used. From 144 cases of easy mock ET, real ET was easy in 121 [84%] cases while 23 [16%] cases had difficultly during real ET. In the 16 cases of difficult mock ET, there was 8 cases [50%] of difficult real ET and 8 cases [50%] of easy real ET [p=0.001, CHI[2]=10.67]. The overall clinical pregnancy rate for both difficult and easy transfer was 35%. The pregnancy rate for easy real ET was 37.2% and for difficult real ET was 25.87%. Despite of the difference, the statistical analysis shows no significance difference [CHI[2]=1.21]. The difference between mean age for both difficult and easy real transfer was not significant. Mock ET before beginning of the treatment cycle is highly consistent with real ET