ABSTRACT
Background: Human papillomaviruses [HPVs] are the most common viruses which can be sexually transmitted. They can cause different malignancies in asymptomatic women. The association of HPVs with infertility among men and women is controversial. In the current study, the authors compared the frequency of HPVs in fertile and infertile women in the city of Mashhad
Materials and Methods: In the present case-control study, cervical and vaginal smears were collected from infertile and fertile women. HPVs were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Data was analyzed by SPSS v.20 and P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant
Results: In the current study, 115 infertile women with the mean age of 30.5 +/- 5.6 years and 60 fertile women with the mean age of 32.6 +/- 9.3 years were included [p=0.07]. Among women who were infertile [cases], 121 [52.6%] of 230 smears were positive, while in control group [who were fertile], 50 [41.7%] of 120 smears were positive [p=0.052]
Conclusion: Frequency of HPV in both groups was high, which could be due to lack of routine HPV vaccination. HPV can cause placenta abnormality, our infertile women had multiple abortion history and history of abortion had significant differences among infertile and control group. The frequency of HPV had no significant differences between the infertile and control groups
ABSTRACT
Postpartum period is often associated with decreased marital satisfaction in couples. The present study aimed to investigate factors contributing to marital satisfaction in primiparous women during postpartum period. This correlational study was performed on 104 primiparous women who referred to health care centers, Mashhad, Iran in 2013, 8 weeks after delivery, to receive health care services. Convenient sampling was the method of choice, and data collection tools included Nathan H. Azarin marital satisfaction questionnaire, stress, anxiety and depression scales [DASS-21], and demographic and fertility-related questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16, and statistical tests of Kruskal-Wallis and Pearson correlation coefficient. The mean score of women's marital satisfaction was 65.37 +/- 17.4. There was a significant inverse correlation between duration of marriage [r=-0.246, P=0.01], women's age [r=-0.203, P=0.03] and husband's age [r=-0.219, P=0.02] with marital satisfaction. Also a significant relationship was seen between the onset of sexual intercourse after childbirth [r=0.268, P=0.006] and frequency of intercourse per week [P=0.001] with marital satisfaction. Additionally, there was a significant inverse correlation between depression [r=-0.414, P=0.001], anxiety [r=-0.27, P=0.004], and stress [r=-0.203, P=0.03] with marital satisfaction. The age of women and their spouses, the duration of marriage, the onset and frequency of sexual intercourse after delivery, stress, depression, and anxiety are factors contributing to females' marital satisfaction in postpartum period. As marital satisfaction affects the health of couples and families, it is therefore recommended to increase females' marital satisfaction during the postpartum period through recognizing the related factors and planning appropriate interventions