Utilization of Markov chain technique to generate high-density wind speed data for the coastal belt of Pakistan

In order to estimates the reliable wind potential of any region, the high density wind speed data of 10-minutes or an hour interval is necessary. In most part of the Pakistan, available wind speed data is usually consists of monthly averages. In such a case, the Markov chain method based on transition matrix approach is used to synthesize the hourly wind speed data from the available averaged monthly wind speed data. The coastal belt of Pakistan is consider as a favorable regime for the development of wind energy activities and mainly targeted for the energy estimation. The first-order Markov chain technique has been used to synthesize and generate the wind speed data for the height of 10m from the monthly averaged wind data into the daily wind speed data for the coastal regions of Pakistan. Furthermore, the trends of both the daily original airport wind speed data and the synthesized wind speed data for the coastal regions of Pakistan. Furthermore, the trends of both the daily original airport wind speed data and the synthesized wind speed data have been analyzed and significant compatibility is observed

Identification of climate changes in the lower indus basin, Sindh, Pakistan

There are several factors causing impact on the climatic sustainability. Human's intervention in the hydrodynamic cycle is one of them. The research studies, relevant to downstream areas of some world's major river systems like Huang He, Nile and Danube rivers, show drastic climatic changes in response to the large scale hydrological moderation due to the man-made water-flow diverting activities in the upstream areas. Similar climatic changes have been identified in the case of the Indus river. The results of present study show that the trends of 44-years' annual average temperatures, precipitations and humidity parameters are distinctly changing in the lower Indus river basin from 1961 to 2004 and expectedly onward particularly in and around the delta region. In general, the average annual temperatures show the rising trend and inversely the precipitation and humidity are decreasing causing substantial deterioration of the rainfall scenario in and around the study area. Considering the mass water divergence of the Indus River System in upstream areas causing acute depletion of Indus water-flow into the downstream Kotri barrage areas and the fast urban and industrial developments, it is inferred that the present climate changing trends are being more augmented due to the critical depletion of the Indus environmental-flow in the Badin area of the lower Indus basin as compared to the Hyderabad and the Karachi areas where ever-increasing faster urban and industrial growths are also contributing substantial inverse impact on the climatic parameters

Impact of chemical characteristics of ground water on development of tubewell in karachi university campus

Adequate supply of potable water is essential for the smooth and trouble-free human habitation, which has almost become a paradox. During the last decade, Pakistan in general and Karachi, the biggest city of the country in particular, has experienced acute water crises due to climatic impact and rapid industrial and urban developments. Due to inadequate water supply for domestic as well as industrial purposes, the groundwater has now become a popular water source in the Karachi region. Exploration for the evaluation and assessment of groundwater in the premises of the Karachi University was carried out in view to supplement the water shortage at the campus. Four to five groundwater horizons have been identified in different types of sandstones at different depths with varying quality trends. On the basis of encouraging results of the geological and geophysical investigations, a test borehole was drilled for the actual groundwater quality and quantity assessment at one of the explored sites. Groundwater samples, collected from different horizons, have chemically been investigated to evaluate in respect of their dissolved minerals/salts, which affect the water usefulness for domestic, industrial or agricultural purposes in general, and the selection of tube well materials and its designing for a longer working life in particular