ABSTRACT
Screening mammogram utilization is a critical issue in early detection of breast cancer. However, it is underutilized by different sectors, particularly low-income women. The objective of this study was to utilize the method known as focus group to probe into obstacles to screening mammogram among low-income women in the ages 40 to 64 in Puerto Rico once they had a physician's referral. The women in the study had knowledge of breast self-examination, clinical breast exam and mammogram as tests to detect breast cancer. Yet, they had no adequate knowledge about current screening guidelines. Attitudes toward pain or discomfort related to the mammogram and fear of a breast cancer diagnosis were the personal reasons most often cited for non-compliance in the focus group discussions. In the case of external or systemic barriers, the most prevalent reasons offered were: cost of the mammogram, transportation, and negative factors associated to the doctor-patient relationship.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Mammography , Mass Screening , Poverty , Age Factors , Breast Neoplasms , Breast Self-Examination , Fibrocystic Breast Disease/diagnosis , Mammography , Physician-Patient Relations , Risk Factors , Transportation , VocabularyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiologic patterns of breast cancer and to estimate the lifetime risk probability of developing breast cancer among Hispanic females using cancer data from Puerto Rico. BACKGROUND: The age-adjusted breast cancer incidence rate (per 100,000) in Puerto Rico increased from 15.3 in 1960-1964 to 43.3 in 1985-1989. The age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rate (per 100,000) increased from 5.7 to 10.6 comparing the same two time periods (1960-1964 vs 1985-1989). Nevertheless, in 1985-1989 breast cancer incidence rate was higher in US White females (110.8 per 100,000) compared to Puerto Rican females (51.4 per 100,000; age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population). The breast cancer mortality rate was also higher in US White females (27.4 per 100,000) than in Puerto Rican females (15.1 per 100,000; age-adjusted to the 1970 US standard population) during 1985-1989. METHODS: A multiple decrement life table was constructed applying age-specific incidence and mortality rates from cross-sectional data sets (1980-1984 and 1985-1989 data for Puerto Rican females and 1987-1989 SEER data sets for US White and Black females) to a hypothetical cohort of 10,000,000 women. The probability of developing invasive breast cancer was computed for the three groups using the long version of DEVCAN: Probability of DEVeloping CANcer software, version 3.3. RESULTS: The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer was 5.4 percent for Puerto Rican females, compared to 8.8 percent for US Black females and 13.0 percent for US White females. Lifetime risk for Puerto Rican females increased from 4.5 percent in 1980-1984 to 5.4 percent in 1985-1989. CONCLUSIONS: Lifetime risk of breast cancer appears to be increasing in Puerto Rico, but remains lower than the probability for US White females. Therefore, the application of lifetime probability of developing invasive breast cancer estimated for the US female population will overestimate the risk for the Puerto Rican female population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology , Black People , Aged, 80 and over , Breast Neoplasms/mortality , Cohort Studies , Cross-Sectional Studies , White People , Hispanic or Latino , Life Tables , Probability , Puerto Rico/epidemiology , Risk , United States/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVOS: Este es un estudio descriptivo y dirigido a identificar las barreras personales y externas, percibidas por las mujeres de 65 años o más en Puerto Rico, para el cumplimiento con las prácticas de detección tempranma del cáncer de mama. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la primera fase de la investigación cuyo propósito fue el explorar ideas, opiniones y vocabulario utilizado por mujeres de 65 años y mayores en Puerto Rico sobre el cáncer de mama y las prácticas de detección temprana para la construcción de un cuestionario culturalmente apropriado. TRASFONDO: Las mujeres de edad avanzada tienen un riesgo mayor de enfermar y morir de cáncer de mama de las mujeres más jovens. Sin embargo, llevan a cabo con menor frecuencia las prácticas recomendadas para la detección temprana de la enfermedad. Hay muy poca evidencia empírica sobre las barreras que puedan tener estas mujeres para cumplir con dichas prácticas. METODOLOGIA: Se llevaron a cabo siete grupos focales con una población total de 62 mujeres de edad avanzada, estratificada por zona de residencia y nivel educativo. Mediante un análisis de contenido se identificaron las áreas de preocuopación, temas y asuntos relevantes, y el vocabulario utilizado por las mujeres participantes. RESULTADOS: Se evidenciaron barreras personales y relacionadas con el sistema de servicios de salud. La relación médico-paciente y el nivel educativo aparentan ser variables claves para que las mujeres de edad avanzada cumplan con las prácticas recomendadas para la detección temprana del cáncer de la mama.