ABSTRACT
Objectives: To ascertain the prevalence of late detection of hearing impairment [HI] among the children of Pakistan. It aimed at identification of children with hearing loss
Study Design: Cross sectional survey
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at special schools in three major cities of Pakistan Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Lahore. Duration of study was six months i.e. from March to August 2016
Patients and Methods: A convenient sampling technique was adopted by collecting information through a questionnaire with 125 parents of children with impaired hearting. Children diagnosed with only HI and with no other disability were selected for the study and assessed with questionnaires filled by their parents
Results: The results revealed that late detection of HI was more manifested in the age bracket of 19-24 months at 48% followed by 22% at 0-6 months. The results showed that HI was noticed in 33% cases during 0-6 months age but first professional advise was sought in the age bracket of 19-24 months in 35% cases
Conclusions: The current study has established the prevalence of late detection of HI in Pakistan, as there is a significant time lag between HI being noticed and its final detection
ABSTRACT
Background: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed routine operation in modern general surgery. All surgical specimens are routinely sent for histopathology. A wide spectrum of variations is seen under the microscope. Rarely, carcinoma is discovered on histopathological examination. The purpose of the article was to identify and elaborate the major histopathological findings of gallbladder after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a tertiary health care hospital in Pakistan
Methods: This was a retrospective study and included histopathological specimens of gall bladder after cholecystectomy from February 2004 to April 2013. Data was analysed using MS Excel and SPSS 19.0
Results: Total number of cases: 8376, Chronic Cholecystitis: 7705, Acute or chronic cholecystitis with empyema, mucocele or gangrene: 554, Adenocarcinoma: 91, Adenomatous polyp: 3, Squamous cell carcinoma: 5, Papillary carcinoma: 3, Clear cell carcinoma: 4, Adenosquamous carcinoma: 2, Xanthogranulomatous changes: 54, Dysplasia: 13 and Cholesterosis: 1050
Conclusion: Considering the evidence from our study and the evidence from the literature reviewed, it can be concluded that prevalence of all kinds of gall bladder disease, benign or malignant including carcinoma is no different from the rest of the world. Routine histopathology of gall bladder can be omitted without compromising patient safety as proven and practiced by many centers across the globe