Breast self examination; significant tool in early detection of breast cancer

This evidence based study is to provide the awareness of breast self examination; its outcomes and significance. There is a never matching increase noted in the incidences of breast cancer worldwide. Pakistani women are on top of the list in the region to develop this disease and it has also been observed that they diagnose to have higher grade disease in early age. Early detection followed by timely treatment is the best prognosis for long term survival. This a retrospective study in which the data was gathered through questionnaire for the selected variables. Out of 100 patients 49 were doing BSE while 51 were unaware of breast self-examination. Out of these 49%, 42% were doing BSE randomly,2% were doing monthly,3% were doing weekly while 2% were doing on daily bases, and 24 [49%] patients were found to have microscopically confirmed carcinoma and 12 [24%] were found to have negative microscopic exams remaining 13 [27%] patients who were doing BSE were not gone through microscopic exam. Breast self-examination is the simplest tool that can play an important role in the detection of breast cancer. There is need to encourage BSE practices among the women along with the development of awareness program to make it successful

Comparative nephrotoxic effects of gentamycin and tobramycin

To compare the nephrotoxic effects of two aminoglycosides namely, gentamycin and tobramycin on rabbits. Comparative study. Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore, from January 2010 to December 2010. The serum levels of creatinine and electrolytes [sodium and potassium] were measured in different groups of rabbits [control group-A, gentamycin group B and tobramycin-group C]. Rabbits in group B and C received laboratory diet and 32 mg/kg/day of gentamycin and tobramycin were given through intramuscular [IM] route twice daily for 7 days. Blood samples were collected on day 1, 10, 16, and 22 of drug administration. Each rabbit of all groups was sacrificed on 22[nd] day of experiment. Kidneys were removed and histological examination of the 4 components of the renal tissue [glomeruli, tubules, blood vessels and interstitial tissue] was carried out. Level of serum creatinine was significantly increased in both experimental groups [B and C] as compared to the control group A. On the other hand, level of serum sodium was insignificantly increased in groups B and C, whereas level of serum potassium was significantly decreased in groups of rabbits receiving gentamycin and tobramycin as compared to control group. There was no significant difference in nephrotoxicity between gentamycin and tobramycin

Diabetes mellitus type 2 as a major risk factor of developing Alzheimer-s disease in Pakistani population

Diabetes mellitus type-2 [DMT2] could increase the risk of Alzheimers disease [AD] specifically related dementia, through several biological pathways, but the relationship between DM and the development of AD remains uncertain. The aim of the present study was to explore the status of diabetes as one of the major risk factors of cognitive decline and dementia in AD and to compare the risk of developing AD among subjects with and without DM. The baseline examination was conducted from January 2008 to October 2010 on 611 subjects of both sexes who were above 50 years of age, to detect the prevalent cases of dementia. The Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] was done on all of these subjects. At each follow-up, random blood glucose levels were determined; all participants underwent a comprehensive clinical examination The study shows that risk of dementia increases with age, duration of diabetes and relevant conditions e.g. obesity. The risk of Dementia increases with duration of diabetes and the chi-square tests verify the claim. The calculated chi-square test statistics value was found to be 130.26 with degrees of freedom 9, corresponding p-value is [<0.005]. It was also found that obese diabetics had higher risk of developing AD, as well as those having borderline diabetes were also at the higher risk. The present study revealed that DMT2 is one of the major risk factors that would increase the risk of AD; but along with other factors like obesity, lifestyle and aging, it can lead to AD and related pathological conditions in individuals markedly characterized by dementia and cognitive decline