ABSTRACT
Objectives: To evaluate the sleep habits in pre and postmenopausal femalesand to find out the relationship between serums progesterone levels and sleep habits
Study Design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration: At Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindi from 1[st] March 2010 to 31[st] March 2011
Methodology: A total of 60 females were randomly selected out of which 30 were premenopausal [Group A] and 30 were postmenopausal [Group B] females. The sleep habits were assessed by sleep questionnaire and blood sample was taken for serum progesterone levels and were analyzed by enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay [ELFA] technique
Results: The comparison between pre and postmenopausal females was done on the basis of their sleep habits and statistically significant results were found which showed that postmenopausal females had lesser sleep duration than premenopausal females [p=0.011]. Postmenopausal females had more frequency of nocturnal arousals than premenopausal females [p<0.01], postmenopausal females awoke in morning without an alarm while most of the premenopausal females needed an alarm to wake up [p= 0.000] and postmenopausal females woke up earlier in the morning than premenopausal females [p=0.000]. Serum progesterone levels of postmenopausal females were lower than premenopausal females [p= 0.000]
Conclusions: Serum progesterone levels affect the sleep pattern of females across the menstrual cycle and menopause. As the serum progesterone levels decline after menopause; the sleep habits of females get affected and have relatively poor sleep quality, more evening tiredness and more dream remembrance as compared to premenopausal females
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To evaluate the sleep habits in pre and postmenopausal females and to find out the relationship between sex hormones and sleep habits
Study design: Cross sectional study
Place and duration: The study was conducted in Islamic International Medical College Rawalpindi and was completed in 1 year [1[st] March 2010 to 28[th] February 2011]
Methodology: A total of 60 females were randomly selected out of which 30 were premenopausal [Group] and 30 were postmenopausal [Group B] females. The sleep habits were assessed by sleep questionnaire and blood sample was taken for serum estrogen levels and were analyzed by enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay [ELFA] technique
Results: The comparison between pre and postmenopausal females was done on the basis of their sleep habits and statistically significant results were found which showed that postmenopausal females had lesser sleep duration than premenopausal females [p=0.011]. Postmenopausal females had more frequency of nocturnal arousals than premenopausal females [p<0.01], postmenopausal females awoke in morning without an alarm while most of the premenopausal females needed an alarm to woke up [p= 0.000] and postmenopausal females woke up earlier in the morning than premenopausal females [p=0.000]. Serum estrogen levels of postmenopausal females were lower than premenopausal females [p= 0.000]
Conclusions: The study revealed that the serum estrogen levels affect the sleep pattern of females across the menstrual cycle and menopause. As the serum estrogen levels decline after menopause; the sleep habits of females get affected and have relatively poor sleep quality as compared to premenopausal females
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the association between serum testosterone levels and Body mass index [BMI] in the adult age group
STUDY DESIGN: It was a randomized cross sectional study
PLACE AND DURATION: The study was carried out at the Physiology Department of Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi from March 2010 to March 11
METHODS: The sample size was 56 male medical students [aged 18-25 years]. Serum total testosterone
levels were analyzed by Enzyme Linked Immunofluorescent Assay technique. Height and weight of all the students were measured using calibrated scales. Body Mass Index [BMI = Weight in kg/ Height in square meters] was calculated for each student. The positive and negative control samples were used with each batch to make sure the quality of results
RESULTS: The serum total testosterone levels decrease with the increase in BMI in the male adults aged 18-25 years. The mean serum testosterone levels of the adult males having mean BMI of 21.52 +/-2.01 were 6.92+/-2.06 [ng/ml] [p=0.000]. Those having mean BMI of 27.03+/-1.30 the serum testosterone levels were 6.72+/- 2.04 [ng/ml] [p=0.001]. In case of 35.14 +/-2.31 BMI, the levels were 6.37+/-0.19 [ng/ml] [p=0.039]
CONCLUSION: In the adult age group serum total testosterone levels were significantly negatively related to BMI
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the time to syncope in Nitroglycerine potentiated short Head-up tilt test. This was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted in Armed Forces Institute of cardiology from May 2006 to May, 2007. A total number of 90 patients with orthostatic intolerance both male and female were studied. Head-up tilt test protocol consisted of a Stabilization phase which lasted for five minutes Passive tilt phase: Patients were tilted at 70 [degree sign] for orthostatic stress for 15 minutes. In case of no symptoms the test continued with the drug provocation phase which lasted for 15 minutes. The patients were administered 400 micro g of nitroglycerine sublingually in aerosol preparation. Development of symptoms were noted at 5, 10 and 15 minutes. A total number of 90 patients were examined during the study period. The tilt table test was classified as positive in 58.9% of patients and was negative in 41.1%. The test was positive in five patients without the drug provocation [9.4%]. The responses were classified as positive vasodepressor in 35.8%, 15.09% as mixed and cardioinhibitory 15.09% in patients of neurally mediated syncope. The total time to display of symptoms to positivity in HUTT was 17.89 +/- 6.99. The mean time to syncope after the administration of nitroglycerine was 5.61 +/- 4.17 minutes. Our study concludes that the drug administered phase can be reduced to 12 +/- 3 minutes