ABSTRACT
To determine the association of SNP in FTO gene, rs9939609, with Metabolic Syndrome [MS] in type 2 diabetic subjects at a tertiary care unit of Karachi, Pakistan. We genotyped FTO rs9939609 SNP in 296 patients with type 2 diabetes from the Out Patient Department [OPD] of Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology [BIDE]. MS was defined on the basis of International Diabetes Federation [IDF] and National Cholesterol Education program [NCEP]criterion. Association between the rs9939609 SNP and MS was tested through chi-square and Z-tests by using odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence intervals. The frequency of MS as defined by IDF criterion was significantly higher in female subjects as compared to male subjects [p= 0.006]. Carriers of ? 1 copy of the rs9939609 A allele were significantly more likely to had MS [69.6%] than non-carriers [30.4%], corresponding to a carrier odds ratio [OR] of 0.52 [95% confidence interval [CI] [0.29-0.93], with a similar trend for the ATP III-defined MS."A" allele carriers under dominant model, carry all the criterion of MS more significantly as compared to non-carriers. The FTO rs9939609 SNP was associated with an increased risk for Metabolic Syndrome in type 2 diabetic populations at a tertiary care unit of Karachi, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
Objective: To observe the adherence of Healthcare Professionals to American Diabetes Association [ADA] 2004 guidelines for the care of patients with type 2 diabetes at Peripheral Diabetes Clinics [PDCs] in Karachi, Pakistan
Methodology: The study was conducted using a retrospective medical chart review of patients with type 2 diabetes at four PDCs in four townships of Karachi district from January 2005 to December 2006. Entire medical records of patients were evaluated for the evidence of documentation of testing and treatment
Results: Medical records of 691 patients [332 males and 359 females] with type 2 diabetes were reviewed. Mean age of the patients was 50.79 +/- 10.75 years. Deficiencies were observed in most areas of diabetes care. Blood pressure was documented in 85.81% patients, whereas, serum creatinine, HbA1c and lipid profile were noted in 56%, 44.57% and 40.08% of the patients respectively. Similarly, lower leg examination was registered in 44% patients, while in 30.53% of the patients fundoscopic examination was recorded. Co-morbid conditions like hypertension and hyperlipidemia were documented in 92.7% and 84.6% patients respectively. HbA1c < 7% was achieved by 59.04% patients, while 27.50% of the patients attained the recommended level of serum cholesterol. Likewise, ADA recommended goal for blood pressure and LDL was achieved by13.02% and 12.16% patients respectively
Conclusions: The study showed that adherence of healthcare professionals to ADA guidelines was suboptimal. Moreover, insufficient documentation of medical records reflected inadequate care of patients with type 2 diabetes