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Dengzhan Shengmai capsule, as a compound Chinese patent medicine, consists of four herbs: Herba Erigerontis, Ginseng, Ophiopogon, and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus, and contains significant components of flavonoids, lignans, saponins, and organic acids. It is widely used clinically to treat cerebrovascular diseases such as chronic cerebral hypoperfusion and dementia with remarkable efficacy. This study proposes a research strategy for multi-component traditional Chinese medicine metabolites based on prediction databases and unfolds the analysis using Dengzhan Shengmai capsule as an example. Using the UPLC-Q-TOF/MS method, the analytical method was established and detected biological samples such as urine, feces, and bile of rats before and after administration based on the prediction of theoretical metabolites of Dengzhan Shengmai capsule. The possible secondary fragment ion information of metabolites was identified by comparing the detected results with prediction databases. The metabolites were identified based on the archetypal component mass spectrometric cleavage law and multistage mass spectrometric data. 51 metabolites, mainly flavonoid, organic acid, and lignan constituents, were finally identified from rat biosamples based on 306 theoretical metabolites of Dengzhan Shengmai capsule. This study provides a new strategy for the identification of metabolites in vivo and the analysis of metabolic pathways of TCM. The study complied with the procedures established by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and passed the animal experiment ethics examine (No. 00003645).
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There is an urgent need to elucidate the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia (MI) and potential drug treatments.Here,the anti-MI mechanism and material basis of Ginkgo biloba L.extract (GBE) were studied from the perspective of energy metabolism flux regulation.Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) was performed to investigate energy metabolism flux disorder and the regulatory nodes of GBE components in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced ischemia-like cardiomyocytes.It showed that[U-13C]glucose derived m+2 isotopologues from the upstream tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites were markedly accu-mulated in ISO-injured cardiomyocytes,but the opposite was seen for the downstream metabolites,while their total cellular concentrations were increased.This indicates a blockage of carbon flow from glycolysis and enhanced anaplerosis from other carbon sources.A Seahorse test was used to screen for GBE components with regulatory effects on mitochondrial aerobic respiratory dysfunction.It showed that bilobalide protected against impaired mitochondrial aerobic respiration.MFA also showed that bilobalide significantly modulated the TCA cycle flux,reduced abnormal metabolite accumulation,and balanced the demand of different carbon sources.Western blotting and PCR analysis showed that bilobalide decreased the enhanced expression of key metabolic enzymes in injured cells.Bilobalide's efficacy was verified by in vivo experiments in rats.This is the first report to show that bilobalide,the active ingredient of GBE,protects against MI by rescuing impaired TCA cycle flux.This provides a new mechanism and potential drug treatment for MI.It also shows the potential of MFA/Seahorse combi-nation as a powerful strategy for pharmacological research on herbal medicine.
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Studies have shown that women's menopause caused by permanent cessation of ovarian function is closely related to lipid metabolism disorders. Er-xian Decoction has been used in the clinical treatment for gynecological diseases and has a good effect on diseases related to reduced sex hormone function. In this study, metabolomics was performed on bilateral ovariectomized model rats within 12 weeks after modeling to mimic the physiological state of menopausal women in different menopausal stages and Er-xian Decoction dosed model rats. The results of liver oil red O staining sections showed lipid metabolic disorder of bilateral ovariectomized model rats and the regulating effects of Er-xian Decoction. 46 potential biomarkers (6 steroid hormones, 3 sphingolipids, 11 phospholipids and 26 glycerides) in plasma and 32 potential biomarkers (1 steroid hormones, 20 phospholipids and 11 glycerides) in liver were obtained based on lipidomics analysis. Then, we analyzed the differential metabolic pathways and construct the lipid metabolism network significantly regulated by Er-xian Decoction. The results provided valuable information for in-depth understanding of the gradual changes on lipid metabolism disorders under menopausal conditions and the characteristics and mechanisms of compound Er-xian Decoction's regulatory effects. The study complied with the procedures established by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and passed the animal experiment ethics examine (No. 00000918).
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Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of dual-tuberosity locking plate for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures.Methods:This study retrospectively analyzed data of patients with proximal humeral fractures treated with a new locking plate from July 2017 to July 2019. Finally, 19 eligible patients were included, including 12 females and 7 males, with an average age of 64.0±12.8 years (range, 32-85 years). According to the Neer classification of proximal humeral fractures, 1 case was two-part fractures, 9 cases three-part fractures and 9 cases four-part fractures. Among them, 9 cases combined with greater and lesser tuberosities fractures and 10 cases with isolated greater tuberosity fractures. Constant-Murley and disabilities of the arm shoulder and hand (DASH) scores, the change of neck-shaft angle, the change of humeral head height, tuberosity consolidation and other complications were recorded at the latest follow-up.Results:The mean follow-up time was 16.1 months (range, 12-18 months). All fractures were healed within follow-up period. Mean Constant-Murley score was 84.2±11.0 (range, 55-98), DASH score was 19.4±11.6 (range, 2.3-47.8) and VAS was 1.6±1.3 (range, 0-4) at the latest follow-up. As for the radiographic results, 19 patients had a mean neck-stem angle of 141.9°±9.8° (range, 132.17°-162.66°) on the first day after surgery, and a mean humeral head height of 18.0±5.9 mm (range, 7.45-27.12 mm). The mean neck-stem angle was 148.6°±7.5° (range, 132.70°-159.39°) and the mean humeral head height was 17.4± 5.5 mm (range, 5.02-27.31 mm) at the latest follow-up. The average change of neck-stem angle was 3.29° (range, 0.68°-33.10°), and mean change of humeral head height was 0.68 mm (range, 1.32-6.56 mm). No fractures developed greater or lesser tuberosity absorption or malunion, but 4 cases suffered loss of fixation and 1 developed primary intra-articular screw penetration as well as wound infection.Conclusion:In the open reduction and internal fixation of the proximal humeral fractures, the new locking plate can fix greater and lesser tuberosity fractures simultaneously, which helps reduce their displacement and deformity of tuberosities. By given that, satisfactory radiographic outcomes and shoulder functions can be obtained.
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To screen the active ingredients of Gardenia jasminoides and potential targets,and investigate the mechanisms against cholestasis based on network pharmacology technology. Twenty-one active components of G. jasminoides were retrieved and the target sites were screened by using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform( TCMSP). Cytoscape3. 2. 1 was used to construct the component-target network. Two hundred and eight targets related to cholestasis were searched and screened through Dis Ge NET,KEGG and OMIM databases. The key targets of G. jasminoides components and cholestasis were integrated and screened,and the component-target-disease network was constructed with Cytoscape 3. 2. 1 software to screen out the core network whose freedom degree was greater than the average value. The Clue GO plug-in of Cytoscape 3. 2. 1 software was used to analyze the biological processes and pathway enrichment of G. jasminoides in regulation of cholestasis. GO biological process analysis revealed 17 biological processes,involving 3 signaling biological processes related to cholestasis,i.e. acute inflammatory response,positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process,and nitric oxide biosynthetic process. KEGG-KEEG-305 terms and REACTOME pathways analysis revealed 17 regulatory pathways,involving 4 signaling pathways related to cholestasis,i.e. metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450,nuclear receptor transcription pathway,GPVI-mediated activation cascade and platelet activation. It was found that aqueous extract of G. jasminoides could improve serum biochemical abnormalities in ANIT-induced cholestasis rats. Aqueous extract of G. jasminoides could decrease the protein and mRNA expression levels of ESR1 in liver tissues,and increase the protein and mRNA expression levels of PPARG,NOS2,F2 R,NOS3,and NR3 C1. To sum up,the possible mechanisms of G. jasminoides against cholestasis may be related with the above three processes and four pathways.
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Animals , Rats , Cholestasis , Drug Therapy , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Gardenia , Chemistry , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of a Chinese medicine formula GAPT, a combination containing Chinese herbs ginseng,Acorus tatarinowii, Polygala and tuber curcuma, on the behavior and cholinergic system in mice with scopolamine-induced memory impairment, and to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of GAPT. Methods ICR mice were randomly divided into normal control group(solution of 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose, CMC), model group (0.5% CMC),positive control group(donepezil, 0.92 mg/(kg·d)), GAPT high, medium and low dose groups(20 mg/(kg·d),10 mg/(kg·d),5 mg/(kg·d)),18 mice in each group, were given intragastric gavage once a day for 30 days. After the last administration,the control group and model group received intraperitoneal injection of normal saline,and the other groups intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine(3 mg/(kg·d)), dissolved in 0.9% normal saline. Morris water maze test was performed to assess the learning and memmory ability. Then the mice were killed and the Ach content and AchE and ChAT activity in the cortex and hippocampus were detected. Results GAPT increased the swimming dis-tance,swimming time and the residence time in target quadrant of the model mice,increased the content of Ach and the ac-tivity of ChAT,and decreased the activity of AchE in the brain of the model group. Conclusions GAPT can improve the learning and memory ability of mice induced by scopolamine,and its mechanism may be related to cholinergic system.
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Objective To investigate the prognostic value of different stages of TNM in patients with appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Methods The clinical data of 40 cases of NETs were analyzed, and follow-up data were staged by the ENETS and AJCC TNM staging system. Kaplan-Miere survival curves were used to compare survival differences in patients with different stages of TNM. Results Of the 40 patients, no one was diagnosed as appendiceal NETs before surgery. Twenty-one patients were diagnosed as acute appendicitis, 16 were diagnosed as chronic appendicitis and 3 were suspected as appendiceal tumors due to thickening of the lumen before surgery. No clinical manifestations were found in 40 patients before surgery including diarrhea, abdominal pain, facial flushing, asthma-like seizures and other carcinoid syndrome performance. All patients underwent appendectomy, and appendix NETs were diagnosed by pathology after surgery. In 40 appendical NETs patients, 15 cases were classified as stageⅠ(37.5%), 10 cases were classified as stageⅡA (25%), 2 cases were classified as stageⅢA (5%), 13 cases were classified at stageⅢB (32.5%), and no patients were classified as stageⅣ. The median survival times (months) were 27, 22, 21 and 18 for patients with different stages, and there were no significant differences in survival times between four stages (χ2=0.8988,P>0.05). Conclusion The clinical features of appendical NETs are nonspecific. The diagnosis of appendical NETs is based on pathological examination and immunohistochemistry. There are no correlation between different TNM stages and prognosis of patients.
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Objective To investigate the prognostic value of different stages of TNM in patients with appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Methods The clinical data of 40 cases of NETs were analyzed, and follow-up data were staged by the ENETS and AJCC TNM staging system. Kaplan-Miere survival curves were used to compare survival differences in patients with different stages of TNM. Results Of the 40 patients, no one was diagnosed as appendiceal NETs before surgery. Twenty-one patients were diagnosed as acute appendicitis, 16 were diagnosed as chronic appendicitis and 3 were suspected as appendiceal tumors due to thickening of the lumen before surgery. No clinical manifestations were found in 40 patients before surgery including diarrhea, abdominal pain, facial flushing, asthma-like seizures and other carcinoid syndrome performance. All patients underwent appendectomy, and appendix NETs were diagnosed by pathology after surgery. In 40 appendical NETs patients, 15 cases were classified as stageⅠ(37.5%), 10 cases were classified as stageⅡA (25%), 2 cases were classified as stageⅢA (5%), 13 cases were classified at stageⅢB (32.5%), and no patients were classified as stageⅣ. The median survival times (months) were 27, 22, 21 and 18 for patients with different stages, and there were no significant differences in survival times between four stages (χ2=0.8988,P>0.05). Conclusion The clinical features of appendical NETs are nonspecific. The diagnosis of appendical NETs is based on pathological examination and immunohistochemistry. There are no correlation between different TNM stages and prognosis of patients.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the changes in the expression level of sRNA SpR19 and its potential target protein GroEL in clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans with different cariogenicity exposed to different pH conditions and explore the possibility of using these molecules as biomarkers for assessing the cariogenicity of the bacteria.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The total RNAs were extracted from the clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans with high (strain 17) and low cariogenicity (strain 5) for high-throughput sequencing for profiling of the differentially expressed sRNAs. The candidate sRNA, SpR19, was selected for further study on the basis of bioinformatics analysis considering the role of its potential target in the cariogenic process. The differential expression levels of SpR19 in the strains exposed to both pH5.5 and pH7 culture conditions were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The expression of the potential target of SpR19, GroEL, was also investigated at both the protein and mRNA level using Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Bioinformatic analysis suggested multiple potential target sites of SpR19 both in GroEL mRNA and in the upstream and downstream inter-genic regions. Under different pH conditions, the highly cariogenic strain 17 expressed consistently low levels of SpR19 as compared with the strain 5 with a low cariogenicity; GroEL showed a reverse expression pattern in the 2 strains. An inverse correlation was found between the expressions of SpR19 and GroEL.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The highly cariogenic strain 17 expressed low levels of SpR19 and high levels of GroEL in both acidic and neutral culture conditions. SpR19 may negatively regulate the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutants by targeting at GroEL.</p>
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OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a costly and crippling autoimmune disease that can lead to the development of depression, contributing to suboptimal clinical outcomes. However, no longitudinal studies have identified an association between rheumatoid arthritis and subsequent depression. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors of depression among RA patients in Taiwan. METHODS: Using Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified 3,698 newly diagnosed RA patients aged 18 years or older, together with 7,396 subjects without RA matched by sex, age and index date, between 2000 and 2004. The incidence of depression and the risk factors among RA cases were evaluated using Cox proportional-hazard regression. RESULTS: The incidence of depression was 1.74-fold greater in the RA cohort than in the non-RA cohort (11.80 versus 6.89 per 1,000 person-years; p<0.01). Multivariate analysis showed that RA subjects who were female, were older, or had comorbidities such as stroke, chronic kidney disease, or cancer had a significantly greater risk of depression compared with those without these conditions. CONCLUSION: This population-based cohort study showed a strong relationship between RA and a subsequent risk of depression. The findings could be beneficial to healthcare providers for identifying individuals with a higher predisposition for depression, thereby possibly facilitating the provision of an appropriate rehabilitation intervention after RA onset to support the patient's adaptation. .
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Humans , Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology , Salmonella typhi/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Chloramphenicol/pharmacology , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , India , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Nalidixic Acid/pharmacology , Retrospective Studies , Typhoid Fever/microbiologyABSTRACT
miRNAs were discovered less than a decade ago, and have emerged as important regulators of gene expression in mammals. A large number of miRNAs have been identified to be located within the intronic regions of protein-encoding genes(host genes) and called intronic miRNAs. The intronic miRNAs may play a key role in regulating the expression and function of their host genes due to the fact that most of them are co-expressed with the host genes. In this paper, the recent advances on the research on potential relationship between intronic miRNAs and their host genes are reviewed.
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Objective:To clone and express the Staphylococcus aureus Efb(extracellular fibrinogen-binding protein) protein in Escherichia coli, to purify the expression product and prepare its functional antibody and to detect the functions of Efb protein for further studies on S.aureus infection.Methods: Efb gene was amplified by PCR using S.aureus NCTC-8325 genome DNA as template and cloned into the recombinant expression vectors pET28a. E.coli BL21(DE3) with the plasmid was induced with IPTG for protein production. The protein was purified by Ni~(2+) affinity chromatography. The function of Efb protein was determined by complement activity assay and inhibition ELISA.The polyclonal antibodies were prepared by immunizing the animals. Results: The purified recombinant Efb was obtained, which could inhibit the CH50 and AH50 effectively. The functional poly-antibodies of Efb were prepared.Conclusion:Efb could inhibit the classical pathway and alternative pathway of complement activation, and the antibodies against to Efb could block the inhibition of the classical pathway of complement activation induced by Efb.
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<p><b>AIM</b>To explore the effects of tRNA on the growth of mammalian cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>L929, NIH3T3, MCF-7 and PC12 cells were seeded in 96 well culture plate individually, and incubated at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 for 4 h, the tRNAs from different species were added to the culture media individually. After certain time of incubation, the viability of the cells was evaluated by the MTT methods. Sub-confluent L929 cells were incubated with 200 microg/ml ytRNA for different times, then the cells were pooled and analyzed with flow cytometry assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>tRNA specifically inhibited the growth of L929 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The sizes of tRNA-treated cells showed larger sizes and longer processes than those of untreated cells. Flow cytometric analysis further showed that most of tRNA-treated cells were arrested in S phase of the cell cycle.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The cell growth inhibitory effects of tRNAs were caused mainly by their degraded fragments. The results suggested that tRNA or its degraded fragments might play important roles in regulation of cell proliferation.</p>
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Animals , Mice , Cell Cycle Checkpoints , Physiology , Cell Line , Cell Proliferation , Fibroblasts , Cell Biology , Flow Cytometry , RNA, Transfer , PhysiologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of traditional classical compound Wulingsan on renal hemodynamic in rats with adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephrosis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>After establishing a model of rats with adriamycin-induced nephrosis, we administrated wulin-san to the ADR rats via oral gavage for four weeks and measured mean arterial blood preasure (MABP) with manometer. Renal clearance of paraaminohippuric acid (PAH) and inulin were detected, then renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were calculated. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) was calculated as the division of MABP by RPF. Renal endothelin (ET) and angiotensin II (Ang II) were detected with radioimmunity assay kits, and nitrous oxide (NO) was detected with biochemical kits.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>There was no significant change of GFR in ARD rats, but RPF and NO were decreased, which accompanied by enhanced RVR, ET and Ang II. RPF was increased in the administrated rats, in company with RVR, ET and Ang II decreased, whereas NO was not influenced after the administration.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Wulingsan can improve the renal hemodynamic in ADR rats, at least in part by modulating the levels of vasoactive factor.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Angiotensin II , Metabolism , Doxorubicin , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Endothelins , Metabolism , Glomerular Filtration Rate , Kidney , Metabolism , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Nephrosis , Metabolism , Nitrous Oxide , Metabolism , Plant Extracts , Pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Renal Circulation , Renal Plasma Flow , Vascular ResistanceABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of red peony root (RPR) on serum proteome in rat suffering from noxious heat with blood stasis Syndrome (NH-BS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The differences of serum proteome among rats in four groups, treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), RPR, LPS + RPR and saline respectively, were analyzed by bi-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) assay. LPS was administered by intravenous injection and RPR by oral intake.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Serum of rats with LPS induced NH-BS showed significant changes in volume of serum protein (xPr) in 13 points on 2DE collagen, the volume of xPr 16 and 19 were significantly lower, volume of xPr 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 and 23 were significantly higher respectively, as compared with those in the normal control group. (2) After being treated with RPR, the increased volume of xPr 1, 2, 3, 4 and 9 significantly decreased, and the decreased xPr 16 significantly increased, with xPr 2, 3 restored to normal level but the xPr16 still lower and xPr 1, 4, 9 higher than those in the normal group. RPR showed interaction with LPS on xPr 1, 3, 9, and 16. (3) For xPr 19, the interaction of RPR with LPS might be synergistic. (4) In the group treated with RPR, volumes of xPr 13 and 14 were significantly higher and those of 15, 17 were significantly lower than those in the normal group respectively, but the similar changes didn't found in the LPS group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The molecular basis of therapeutic effect of RPR on NH-BS might be through the regulation of xPr 1, 2, 3, 4, 9 and 16.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Blood Proteins , Metabolism , Diagnosis, Differential , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Endotoxemia , Blood , Drug Therapy , Lipopolysaccharides , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Paeonia , Phytotherapy , Proteome , Metabolism , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the mechanism of borneol in opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Borneol contained serum was prepared and using Matin-Darby canine kidney epithelium (MDCKE) cell line as the in vitro BBB model to observe the effects of borneol on intercellular tight junction (ICTJ) and pinocytosis vesicles of BBB model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Borneol reduced the ICTJ and caused increase of the number and enlarged the diameter of vesicles. The ICTJ was opened firstly 4 hrs after borneol treatment, then the pinocytosis was affected 24 hrs later. The effects disappeared 24 hrs after removal of the borneol contained serum, indicating that the above-mentioned effects were reversible.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Borneol could obviously loosen the ICTJ in BBB, accelerate the transportation of substance through the intercellular passage, it also could increase the number and volume of pinocytosis vesicles in BBB cells, thus to accelerate the transportation of substance by way of cell pinocytosis.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rabbits , Blood-Brain Barrier , Physiology , Camphanes , Pharmacology , Cell Line , Cell Membrane Permeability , Epithelial Cells , Cell Biology , Kidney , Cell Biology , Models, Neurological , Pinocytosis , Tight JunctionsABSTRACT
Micronization is one of the methods to improve the solubility and bioavailability of drug, the micronization of TCM is a new techonology of TCM mordenization. status in quo of TCM micronization was reviewed and analyzed. Effects of micronization on the dissolution of active ingredients and pharmacological action were widely studied, however some fundmental aspects, such as engineering factors of superfine powder preparation, stability of them and the optimal particle size, are urgently to be studied.
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Drug Stability , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Particle Size , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Powders , Solubility , Technology, Pharmaceutical , MethodsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the serum proteome of rat endotoxemia treated by figwort root (FR).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The differences of serum proteome among rats treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), FR, LPS + FR and saline respectively were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) assay.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The volumes of sixteen serum proteins (xPr) in LPS induced-endotoxemia group were greatly changed compared with those of the control group. Among them, the volumes of xPr 16, 19 were significantly decreased, and the volumes of xPr 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18, 23 were significantly increased. When treated with FR, the volumes of xPr 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18, 23 were significantly decreased, and the volumes of xPr 8, 9, 11, 12, 23, 14 were back to normal level. Two factors statistic analysis showed that FR had interaction with LPS for xPr 1, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and FR might be the functional antagonist of LPS. We also observed that the volumes of xPr 10, 13, 15, 20, 21, 22 were found to change significantly only in FR treated group but not in LPS treated group or control group. Interestingly, the volume of xPr 13, 20, 21, 22 were increased and the volume of xPr 10, 15 were decreased.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The molecular basis of therapeutic effect of FR on endotoxemia might be through the regulation of xPr 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 18, 23. We can use proteomic techniques to study the molecular mechanisms of diseases treated by functional Chinese herbs and the combination of different herbs is necessary for the treatment of endotoxemia, as FR can not regulated all the changed proteins induced by LPS.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Blood Proteins , Metabolism , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Endotoxemia , Blood , Injections, Intravenous , Lipopolysaccharides , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Proteome , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Scrophularia , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To explore the changes of rat platelet phospholipase A2 (PLA2) mRNA content in bacteria infected rat and study the cDNA and amino acid sequences of the PLA2 structure to lay a good foundation for the development of new antibiotics.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The PLA2 mRNA level in blood was determined by RT-PCR. The DNA sequence was cloned and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After injection of bacteria in rats, the mRNA level of PLA2 in blood increased markedly. The cDNA and amino acid sequence were highly homologous to other PLA2 cDNA from different tissues of the rat.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Platelet PLA2 in blood responded quickly to bacteria infection in gene level. Therefore, the PLA2 protein was produced increasingly which was shown to control the infection with bacteria. Although there are little difference between PLA2 cDNA cloned from blood and other sources in DNA and amino acid sequences, the catalytic site for enzymatic activity and basic structure are identical.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Amino Acid Sequence , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary , Metabolism , Molecular Sequence Data , Phospholipases A , Blood , Genetics , Metabolism , Phospholipases A2 , RNA, Messenger , Metabolism , Rats, Wistar , Staphylococcal Infections , Blood , Staphylococcus aureusABSTRACT
Toinvestigate the implementation mode and effectiveness of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in experimental teaching of physiology,PBL was applied in experimental teaching of circulatory physiology. Comparison of test scores and Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) were used to evaluate teaching quality and teaching environment respectively. The results showed that both test and DREEM scores were higher in PBL group than in control group (P