Microbial diversity of soils on the banks of the Solimões and Negro rivers, state of Amazonas, Brazil

Analysis of bacterial diversity in soils along the banks of the Solimões and Negro rivers, state of Amazonas, Brazil, was by partial sequencing of the genes codifying the rDNA16S region. Diversity of operational taxonomic units (OTU) and of the divergent sequences obtained were applied in comparative analysis of microbiological diversity in the two environments, based on richness estimators and OTU diversity indices. The higher OTU diversity in the Solimões was based on the higher number of parameters that evoke this. The interaction between the nucleotide sequences of bacteria inhabiting the two riverine environments indicated that the two microrganism communities are similar in composition.

Anoxia- and hypoxia-induced expression of LDH-A* in the Amazon Oscar, Astronotus crassipinis

Adaptation or acclimation to hypoxia occurs via the modulation of physiologically relevant genes, such as erythropoietin, transferrin, vascular endothelial growth factor, phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase A. In the present study, we have cloned, sequenced and examined the modulation of the LDH-A gene after an Amazonian fish species, Astronotus crassipinis (the Oscar), was exposed to hypoxia and anoxia. In earlier studies, we have discovered that adults of this species are extremely tolerant to hypoxia and anoxia, while the juveniles are less tolerant. Exposure of juveniles to acute hypoxia and anoxia resulted in increased LDH-A gene expression in skeletal and cardiac muscles. When exposed to graded hypoxia juveniles show decreased LDH-A expression. In adults, the levels of LDH-A mRNA did not increase in hypoxic or anoxic conditions. Our results demonstrate that, when given time for acclimation, fish at different life-stages are able to respond differently to survive hypoxic episodes.

Tambaqui growth and survival when exposed to different photoperiods

The use of different photoperiods (light) were investigated during tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juvenile growth under captivity. Light intensity tested was: continuous dark (24hrs without light), natural photoperiod simulation (10hrs of light and 14hrs without light) and continuous light (24 with light). No mortality was recorded among treatments. Significant differences was observed after 50 days of experiment among mean fish weight, fish kept under a continuous darkness showed a better specific growth rate (6.02 percent) when compared to control fish (natural photo period, 3.67 percent). Fish exposed to continuous light presented the lowest mean specific growth rate (2.04 percent). It is possible to improve tambaqui juvenile weight gain performance when kept under continuous darkness.

Investigou-se o uso de diferentes fotos períodos (iluminação) durante o crescimento de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) em cativeiro. As intensidades testadas foram: escuro contínuo (24hs sem luz), simulação do foto período natural (10hs de luz e 14hs sem luz) e iluminação contínua (24hs de luz). Não houve mortalidade nos diferentes tratamentos. Diferença significativa entre as médias do peso foi observada após 50 dias de experimento, a exposição ao escuro contínuo apresentou o melhor índice de crescimento específico (6,02 por cento) em relação ao controle (foto período natural, com 3,67 por cento). O menor índice de crescimento médio foi observado na exposição à iluminação contínua (2,04 por cento). Assim, pode-se melhorar o desempenho de ganho de peso para juvenis de tambaqui quando mantidos no escuro contínuo.