ABSTRACT
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease and it ranks second of all infectious agents due to co-infection with HIV . The causative agent of tuberculosis is a group of mycobacteria known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex consist of M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. canetti. In PCR study, Most commonly sensitivity is higher in smear positive samples (95-100%) rather than smear negative specimens (46-63%). OBJECTIVE: To detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by Line Probe Assay. Methods: The study was done from non-interventional approaching study of 50 suspected patients of tuberculosis had visited the TB chest/ DOTS centre. Sputum sample collected early morning in a wide- mouth container from the patients having history of cough more than 2 weeks. Methodology used Z-N staining and for detection of MTB complex was done using MTBDR plus assay, multiplex PCR DNA strip assay (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Gernamy) which is commercially available. M. tuberculosis secreted an important protein is MPT64, a 24-kDa protein. The major culture filtrate protein (24-kDa) is MPT64 encoded by the RD2 region genes and has been exposed to be an exact antigen that differentiates the M. tuberculosis complex from the mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) Species. Results: In 50 samples, out of which 10 (20%) were smear positive & 40(80%) were smear negative. Out of 10 smear positive, 9 (90%) were MTB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) & 01 (10%) was NTM (Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria) by PCR method. Out of 40 smear negative, 30 (75%) were positive by PCR method. Out of 30, 28(93%) were MTB & 02(7%) were NTM. Rests of the 10(25%) samples were found negative for M. tuberculosis complex. Conclusions: This study proved that PCR is a specific and sensitive method in comparison of sputum microscopy after staining with Z-N technique and it helpful the clinicians ability to diagnose and treat the patients on time. This will ensure early treat to patients and prevent further transmission of disease.
ABSTRACT
Background: Oral candidiasis is the most common oral opportunistic infection seen in immunocompromised patients. Apart from C. albicans the non albicans Candida species, which are less susceptible to the commonly used antifungal drugs are major etiological agent for candidiasis. Thus, in recent years there has been an increased interest in spectrum of infections caused by Candida species. However with the recognition, that Candida spp. differ in the production of virulence factor and sensitivity to antifungal agents, greater emphasis has been placed on identification of isolates up to species level. In the past identification of various species of Candida other than C. albicans has not been attempted in oral lesions. Methods: A total of 158 swabs were collected from oral cavity of patients having lesions suggestive of oral candidiasis. One swab was subjected for direct microscopy using Gram staining. The second swab was inoculated on two tubes of Sabouraud Dextrose agar (SDA) with antibiotics (Hi-Media). Results: Candida albicans though was the commonest species isolated. , NAC is also emerging as important opportunistic pathogens in oro-dental infections. Conclusion: In view of the changing pattern, it is strongly recommended that species identification and sensitivity test can help in much better treatment strategies, and thus, gain a good control over the disease.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death in developing countries among all infectious diseases. Globally, drug resistance strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a public threat. Due to diagnostic delay, inadequate infection control and poor drug supply there is a emergence of MDR- TB and XDR- TB. Our aim was to isolate and identify the drug resistant strain of M. tuberculosis by using newer diagnostic modalities. Methods: Sputum sample and BAL fluid from 70 suspected cases were collected and analysed for Mycobacterium by Ziehl – Neelsen staining and liquid culture with molecular detection of drug resistant strain of M. tuberculosis. Result: In our study, among the 70 patients 27 (38.5%) were positive for AFB by microscopy. On testing for Mycobacterium by BacT/Alert 3D system, 54 were found to be positive. On performing further identification and susceptibility of 54 isolates towards rifampicin and isoniazid by molecular method, 5 isolates (9.25%) were resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid confirming as multidrug resistant. 5 isolates (9.25%) were sensitive to rifampicin and resistant to isoniazid and 2 isolates (3.70%) were resistant to rifampicin and sensitive to isoniazid. Whereas 5 isolates (9.25%) found to be negative for M. tuberculosis. Conclusion: Our investigation highlights the importance of newer diagnostic modalities for isolation and identification of drug resistant strain of M. tuberculosis. Which ensure early and accurate diagnosis of patients with prevention of further transmission of disease.
ABSTRACT
Background: In the world, tuberculosis ranks second after HIV of all infectious agents leading cause of mortality and morbidity due to bacterial infections with HIV taking the first spot. India holds the global burden of TB in one fifth with more than 350,000 deaths each year. Though pulmonary TB (PTB) cases, account for the vast majority of the total TB burden, almost 10-15 per cent of total cases are extra-pulmonary infection. Methods: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis complex were detected in 50 clinical sputum samples by using Polymerase chain Reaction (PCR) and BacT/Alert. Results: In our study, 50 sputum clinical samples were taken, out of which 11(22%) were smear positive & 39 (78%) were smear negative. Out of 11 smear positive 10 (90%) were MTB (Mycobacterium Tuberculosis) & 01 (10%) was NTM (Non-Tuberculous mycobacteria) and in 39 smear negative,15 (38.47%) were M. tuberculosis & 02 (5.12%) were NTM and 22 (56.41%) samples were negative by using PCR. By BacT/Alert 3D system, out of 50 clinical samples only 15(30%) samples were positive and 35 (70%) samples were negative for M. tuberculosis complex. Conclusions: It is concluded that result obtained from our study, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex was detected by PCR from clinical samples has high specificity (99%) and sensitivity (95%) than BacT/Alert 3D system.