ABSTRACT
Wound healing is a complex and highly regulated process to maintaining the skin barrier function. Wounds of diabetic patients are hard or even not healing. Non-healing diabetic foot ulcers can lead to lower-extremity amputations. Diabetic wound healing problem is the main complication that leads to high disability rate of diabetes and can threaten the lives in severe cases. The healing of skin wounds requires the synergy of multiple factors to restore the injured skin to its barrier function. The mechanisms that cause it difficult to heal diabetic wounds are complex, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, decreased neovascularization, peripheral neuropathy, and imbalance of extracellular matrix accumulation and remodeling. This review classifies mechanisms of diabetic wound healing and provides a reference for its further research.
ABSTRACT
Carpesii Fructus is the fruit of Carpesium abrotanoides L. and is recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2015 Edition). Carpesium abrotanoides broadly distribute in China. Traditionally, Carpesii Fructus was used as a parasiticide,especially for ascariasis,pinworms and tapeworm disease. In ancient times,the Carpesium plants were used as traditional Chinese,Korean and Japanese herbal medicines for the treatment of several diseases.Carpesii Fructus was first recorded in the book"Newly Revised Canon of Materia Medica"in the Tang Dynasty of China.The original plant is Compositae Arte-misia santonica (Seriphidium cinum) from middle east Persian. At present, Carpesium abrotanoides issometimes confused with the Lappula family in species classification. In the Song Dynasty of China,"KaiYang Materia Medica"recorded that the best Carpesii Fructus was from Persian.The main compo-nents of Carpesii Fructusare terpenes,phenolic compounds,flavonoids and coumarins. Including telekin, 3-epi-isotelekin, 11β-13-dihydro-1-epi-inuviscolide, carabrone, carabrol, terpene lactone, gerilin, carpesia, valeric acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, thirty-one alkane, sterol, etc. The chemical components isolated from whole plants of carpesia are more than 143. In clinical practice, Carpesii Fructus is mainly used as antiparasitic drugs and usually combined with other drugs since the poor efficacy as single drug. Its toxic reaction is closely related to the dose of the drug.Carpesia,asa main component of Carpesii Fructus, might lead to adverse reactions also. At present, Major issuesof Carpesii Fructusare the lack of phar-macological research,as well as lack of in-depth study on the material basis.Therefore,further studies are needed on the drug development and clinical usuage.