ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Medical Uniforms date back from medieval times. Nursing uniforms were based on nuns clothes whereas doctors used the famous "plague costumes" and black "frock" coats from about 15th to early 19th century. In latter half 19th century medical uniforms started to change. Nursing uniforms gradually lost their similarities to religious outfits. Doctors started to use white clothing. With great emphasis on hygiene and sanitation, the idea of personal protective equipment (PPE) started to evolve with William Stewart Halsted introducing the use of rubber gloves in 1889. In the 1960s-1970s it became more usual to wear green and blue `scrubs in order to look for a greater contrast in clothing with the all-white hospital environment. In contemporary times, some specialties even stopped using specific uniforms, while others still use them. At the same time, PPE became more and more important, up to nowadays "plague costume" in the combat of the COVID-19 epidemics.
RESUMO Uniformes da área médica datam desde os tempos medievais. Uniformes de enfermeiras eram baseados em roupas de freiras, enquanto o de médicos eram caracterizados pelas "vestimentas da praga" e fraques pretos de meados do século 15 até o início do século 19. No final do século 19, os uniformes começaram a mudar. A vestimenta de enfermeiras perderam suas similaridades com vestes religiosas. Médicos começaram a usar roupas brancas. Com o aumento da ênfase em higiene e no sanitarismo, começa a evoluir a ideia do uso de equipamento de proteção individual (EPI), com William Stewart Halsted utilizando luvas de borracha pela primeira vez em 1889. Nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 começa a se tornar mais usual a adesão ao pijama cirúrgico verdes e azul como roupa hospitalar, devido ao contraste com o ambiente branco já presente. Na contemporaneidade, algumas especialidades deixaram de usar uniformes específicos, enquanto outras ainda a usam. Ao mesmo tempo, EPIs tornaram-se mais e mais importantes, até, hoje em dia, surgir as "vestimentas da praga" atualizadas para o combate da epidemia do COVID-19.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 16th Century , History, 17th Century , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control , Protective Clothing/history , Pandemics/prevention & control , Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , COVID-19ABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: la vigilancia de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) y sus factores de riesgo es esencial para diseñar y evaluar políticas efectivas. En 2013 se realizó la tercera EncuestaNacional de Factores de Riesgo de ENT (ENFR). OBJETIVOS: Describir la prevalencia, distribución y evolución de los principales factores de riesgo de las ENT en Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un diseño muestral probabilístico, que incluyó una población general de 18años o más en viviendas pertenecientes a ciudades de más de 5 000 habitantes. RESULTADOS: Se encuestó a 32 365 personas (tasa derespuesta: 70,7%). La prevalencia de obesidad (20,8%) y sobrepeso(37,1%) aumentó en comparación con ENFR previas (2005 y 2009). Se mantuvieron estables la hipertensión arterial (34,1%) y el colesterolelevado (29,8%). El consumo de frutas/verduras (media: dosporciones/día) continuó siendo bajo, mientras que el sedentarismo fueelevado (54,7%). El consumo de tabaco (25,1%), la exposición al humode tabaco ajeno en bares/restaurantes (23,5%), trabajo (25%) y hogar(27,6%) y la utilización de sal (17,3%) se redujeron significativamente. El 71,6%, 65,6% y 24,5% de la población diana realizó Papanicolaou, mamografía y pruebas de rastreo de cáncer de colon, respectivamente.La cobertura de salud sólo pública se vio asociada a una menor proporción de prácticas preventivas, y las personas con menor nivel educativo tuvieron peores indicadores. CONCLUSIONES: Aunque hubo una mejora en materia de consumo de tabaco y utilización de sal, es necesario intensificar las políticas para el abordaje de las ENT.
INTRODUCTION: the surveillance of non-comunicable diseases (NCD) and their risk factors is essential to designand evaluate effective interventions. The 3rd National Risk Factor Survey of NCD (NRFS) was conducted in 2013. OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence, distribution and evolution of main risk factors of NCD in Argentina. METHODS: A probabilistic sampling design was used, including a general population aged 18 years orolder living in cities with more than 5 000 inhabitants. RESULTS: 32 365 people were interviewed (response rate: 70.7%). The prevalence of obesity (20.8%) and overweight (37.1%) was higher than in previous NRFS (2005-2009). Hypertension (34.1%) and high cholesterol (29.8%) prevalence remained stable. Meanconsumption of fruits and vegetables remained low (two servings/day), while physical inactivity was high (54.7%). Smoking (25.1%) and exposure to secondhand smoke in bars/restaurants (23.5%), at work (25%) and at home (27.6%) as well as the use of salt (17.3%) were reduced significantly. Among the targetpopulation, 71.6%, 65.6% and 24.5% performed Pap tests, mammograms and screening tests for colon cancer, respectively. Preventive health practices were less frequent among those with public health coverage only. People with lower education levelshad worse indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the improvement in terms of smoking and salt consumption, further actions are needed to address NCDs.